signals with phase speeds of O(10) and O(100 to 300) km day −1 and time scales of 2 to 3 weeks The signals with slow phase speed are only observed in southern California It is hypothesized that they are scattered and reflected by shoreline curvature and bathymetry change and do not penetrate north of Point Conception The seasonal transition of alongshore surfacecirculationforcedbyupwelling‐favorablewindsandtheirrelaxationiscapturedinfine detailSubmesoscaleeddies,identifiedusingflowgeometry,haveRossbynumbersof01to3, diameters in the range of 10 to 60 km, and persistence for 2 to 12 days The HFR surface currents resolve coastal surface ocean variability continuously across scales from

/pdf/mapping-the-u-s-west-coast-surface-circulation-a-multiyear-1fd1bwmffv.pdf

Mapping the U.S. West Coast surface circulation: A multiyear analysis of high‐frequency radar observations

Ocean surface winds, currents, and waves play a crucial role in exchanges of momentum, energy, heat, freshwater, gases, and other tracers between the ocean, atmosphere, and ice. Despite surface waves being strongly coupled to the upper ocean circulation and the overlying atmosphere, efforts to improve ocean, atmospheric, and wave observations and models have evolved somewhat independently. From an observational point of view, community efforts to bridge this gap have led to proposals for satellite Doppler oceanography mission concepts, which could provide unprecedented measurements of absolute surface velocity and directional wave spectrum at global scales. This paper reviews the present state of observations of surface winds, currents, and waves, and it outlines observational gaps that limit our current understanding of coupled processes that happen at the air-sea-ice interface. A significant challenge for the coming decade of wind, current, and wave observations will come in combining and interpreting measurements from (a) wave-buoys and high-frequency radars in coastal regions, (b) surface drifters and wave-enabled drifters in the open-ocean, marginal ice zones, and wave-current interaction ``hot-spots'', and (c) simultaneous measurements of absolute surface currents, ocean surface wind vector, and directional wave spectrum from Doppler satellite sensors.

/pdf/integrated-observations-of-global-surface-winds-currents-and-1hhy6gwz50.pdf

Integrated Observations of Global Surface Winds, Currents, and Waves: Requirements and Challenges for the Next Decade

This report summarizes observations of the California Current System (CCS) from Baja California, Mexico to Oregon for the period from spring 2009 through spring 2010. During this period, changes in the state of the CCS reflected a transition from cool La Nina conditions into and through a short-lived, relatively weak El Nino event. Weaker than normal upwelling and several extended relaxation events contributed to warming over much of the CCS during summer 2009, especially in the north. Moderation of La Nina conditions in the CCS coincided with the development of El Nino conditions in the equatorial Pacific, yet manifested well in advance of any evidence for direct effects of El Nino on the CCS. Responses to El Nino in fall 2009 and winter 2009–2010 appear to have varied substantially with latitude: conditions off southern California returned to near climatological values with the decline of La Nina,

/pdf/state-of-the-california-current-2009-2010-regional-variation-d4o8f929xe.pdf

State of the california current 2009-2010: regional variation persists through transition from la niña to el niño (and back?)

High-frequency radar (HFR) surface current data are an increasingly utilized tool for capturing complex dynamics of coastal ocean systems worldwide. The radar is uniquely capable of sampling relevant temporal and spatial scales of nearshore processes that impact event response activities and basic coastal ocean research. HFR is a shore-based remote sensing system and is therefore subject to data gaps, which are predominately due to environmental effects, like increased external noise or low signal due to ocean surface conditions. Many applications of these surface current data require that these gaps be filled, such as Lagrangian numerical models, to estimate material transport and dispersion. This study introduces a new penalized least squares regression method based on a three-dimensional discrete cosine transform method to reconstruct hourly HFR surface current data with a horizontal resolution of 6 km. The method explicitly uses both time and space variability to predict the missing value. Fur...

Gap Filling of the Coastal Ocean Surface Currents from HFR Data: Application to the Mid-Atlantic Bight HFR Network

A decade (2007–2016) of hourly 6‐km‐resolution maps of the surface currents across the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) generated by a regional‐scale High Frequency Radar network are used to reveal new insights into the spatial patterns of the annual and seasonal mean surface flows. Across the 10‐year time series, temporal means and interannual and intra‐annual variability are used to quantify the variability of spatial surface current patterns. The 10‐year annual mean surface flows are weaker and mostly cross‐shelf near the coast, increasing in speed and rotating to more alongshore directions near the shelfbreak, and increasing in speed and rotating to flow off‐shelf in the southern MAB. The annual mean surface current pattern is relatively stable year to year compared to the hourly variations within a year. The 10‐year seasonal means exhibit similar current patterns, with winter and summer more cross‐shore while spring and fall transitions are more alongshore. Fall and winter mean speeds are larger and correspond to when mean winds are stronger and cross‐shore. Summer mean currents are weakest and correspond to a time when the mean wind opposes the alongshore flow. Again, intra‐annual variability is much greater than interannual, with the fall season exhibiting the most interseasonal variability in the surface current patterns. The extreme fall seasons of 2009 and 2011 are related to extremes in the wind and river discharge events caused by different persistent synoptic meteorological conditions, resulting in more or less rapid fall transitions from stratified summer to well‐mixed winter conditions. Plain Language Summary A coordinated High Frequency Radar network operated between Cape Cod, MA, and Cape Hatteras, NC, generates hourly maps of ocean surface currents. A decade‐long study revealed the detailed structure of the surface flows. These flows were compared to wind and river flow data to explain the patterns observed in the flow. Near the coast, the average currents flow offshore. Away from the coast, the average currents flow along the coast toward the south. Fall is the season with the most variability from year to year. Its higher variability can be traced to different regional weather patterns that change the wind fields and the amount of freshwater delivered by the rivers to the coastal ocean. This is the first study to use a decade of observed surface current maps that uniquely and simultaneously observe the changing patterns of the average flow structure along a segment of eastern United States. The improved understanding of the coastal circulation over a wide area, and what drives its variability, has implications for pollutant transport, plankton transport at the base of the food chain, fish and shellfish reproduction, and multiple ocean‐based human activities including fishing, marine transportation, and offshore wind energy development.

/pdf/annual-and-seasonal-surface-circulation-over-the-mid-4w7zpqdagk.pdf

Annual and Seasonal Surface Circulation Over the Mid-Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf Derived From a Decade of High Frequency Radar Observations

The architecture, status and applications of a realtime data access, distribution, processing and storage system designed for networking radial data from surface current mapping HF-Radar instruments across the United States is presented. By leveraging the system design of HF-Radar sites, data access is generalized to nearly all sites while still providing alternate access options where needed. Data format convergence, while not required, is achieved for data from all systems through careful metadata mapping and code development. Object ring buffers (ORBs) and ORB communication protocol provide robust and flexible data transport while a relational database facilitates data storage. The HF-Radar Network has evolved from a prototype project to an operational status over the last 2.5 years with 4 data access sites (portals) and 1 data aggregation site (node) deployed. By early 2007, an additional portal and 2 additional nodes will be added to create a distributed network. To date, the repository contains over 356,000 radial files produced by 45 sites from 10 participating institutions. Recent development has focused on real-time total vector processing on a national scale. Base grids for the U.S. West and East/Gulf Coast of 1 km nominal resolution extending 300km offshore are created using an equidistant cylindrical projection. A community standard MATLAB toolbox for total vector processing is optimized for production on large grids and integrated into the real-time system to produce hourly surface current maps on a national scale at 1 km, 2 km and 6 km resolutions. Current applications of the HF-Radar network include an interactive radial diagnostic site for use by site operators and a prototype interactive web site providing the first images of realtime surface currents integrated across a national scale

http://cordc.ucsd.edu/projects/mapping/documents/2006_Terrill-etal_OCEANS06_HFRNet.pdf

Data Management and Real-time Distribution in the HF-Radar National Network

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Data Management and Real-time Distribution in the HF-Radar National Network