Tooth wear is the result of three processes: abrasion (wear produced by interaction between teeth and other materials), attrition (wear through tooth-tooth contact) and erosion (dissolution of hard tissue by acidic substances). A further process (abfraction) might potentiate wear by abrasion and/or erosion. Knowledge of these tooth wear processes and their interactions is reviewed. Both clinical and experimental observations show that individual wear mechanisms rarely act alone but interact with each other. The most important interaction is the potentiation of abrasion by erosive damage to the dental hard tissues. This interaction seems to be the major factor in occlusal and cervical wear. The available evidence is insufficient to establish whether abfraction is an important contributor to tooth wear in vivo. Saliva can modulate erosive/abrasive tooth wear, especially through formation of pellicle, but cannot prevent it.

Interaction between attrition,abrasion and erosion in tooth wear.

Dental erosion is a multifactorial condition. The consideration of chemical, biological and behavioral factors is fundamental for its prevention and therapy. Among the biological factors, saliva is one of the most important parameters in the protection against erosive wear. Objective: This review discusses the role of salivary factors on the development of dental erosion. Material and Methods: A search was undertaken on MeDLINe website for papers from 1969 to 2010. The keywords used in the research were "saliva", "acquired pellicle", "salivary flow", "salivary buffering capacity" and "dental erosion". Inclusion of studies, data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken independently and in duplicate by two members of the review team. Disagreements were solved by discussion and consensus or by a third party. Results: Several characteristics and properties of saliva play an important role in dental erosion. Salivary clearance gradually eliminates the acids through swallowing and saliva presents buffering capacity causing neutralization and buffering of dietary acids. Salivary flow allows dilution of the acids. In addition, saliva is supersaturated with respect to tooth mineral, providing calcium, phosphate and fluoride necessary for remineralization after an erosive challenge. Furthermore, many proteins present in saliva and acquired pellicle play an important role in dental erosion. Conclusions: Saliva is the most important biological factor affecting the progression of dental erosion. Knowledge of its components and properties involved in this protective role can drive the development of preventive measures targeting to enhance its known beneficial effects.

/pdf/saliva-and-dental-erosion-3yls3vxqv9.pdf

Saliva and dental erosion

Objectives
The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology.

/pdf/dentin-hypersensitivity-pain-mechanisms-and-aetiology-of-4ollloksib.pdf

Dentin hypersensitivity: pain mechanisms and aetiology of exposed cervical dentin

Tooth brushing, tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity--are they associated?

Saliva is the most relevant biological factor for the prevention of dental erosion. It starts acting even before the acid attack, with an increase of the salivary flow rate as a response to the acidic stimuli. This creates a more favorable scenario, improving the buffering system of saliva and effectively diluting and clearing acids that come in contact with dental surfaces during the erosive challenge. Saliva plays a role in the formation of the acquired dental pellicle, a perm-selective membrane that prevents the contact of the acid with the tooth surfaces. Due to its mineral content, saliva can prevent demineralization as well as enhance remineralization. These protective properties may become more evident in hyposalivatory patients. Finally, saliva may also represent the biological expression of an individual's risk for developing erosive lesions; therefore, some of the saliva components as well as of the acquired dental pellicle can serve as potential biomarkers for dental erosion.

The Potential of Saliva in Protecting against Dental Erosion

The palatal aspect of upper anterior teeth appears to be one site of predilection for erosion This raises the question of whether abrasion of softened enamel and dentine by the tongue has a role in this process The aim of this study in vitro was to determine whether enamel and dentine specimens licked by the tongue after exposure to acid lost more tissue than when exposed to acid alone Flat enamel and dentine specimens were prepared from human third molars and taped to expose a window of tissue Three groups of specimens were exposed to citric acid for 10 min followed by 60 s tongue licking, ultrasonication or immersion in water Two further groups of enamel specimens were placed in a low erosive drink for 10 min with or without licking At the end of 5, 10 and 15 treatment cycles tissue loss was measured by profilometry Enamel loss was significantly greater with licking and ultrasonication compared to water immersion Dentine loss was greater with licking and ultrasonication compared to water immersion, but differences only reached significance for ultrasonication The low erosive drink produced one third of the citric acid erosion and licking had no effect The results suggest that the tongue could exert an abrasive effect on dental tissues softened by erosion, thereby increasing the overall loss of tooth substance

A Study in vitro of the Abrasive Effect of the Tongue on Enamel and Dentine Softened by Acid Erosion

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A Study in vitro of the Abrasive Effect of the Tongue on Enamel and Dentine Softened by Acid Erosion