Optimization of state-of-the-art fuzzy-metaheuristic ANFIS-based machine learning models for flood susceptibility prediction mapping in the Middle Ganga Plain, India.

An Integrative Conceptualization of Floodplain Storage

Bottomland hardwood forests (BLH) are found in temperate, humid regions of the southeastern US, primarily on alluvial floodplains adjacent to rivers. Altered hydrology in rivers and floodplains has caused changes in stand development and species composition of BLHs. We hypothesize that the driving mechanisms behind these changes are related to the regeneration process because of the complexity of recruitment and the vulnerability of species at that age in development. Here we review the state of our understanding regarding BLH regeneration, and identify potential bottlenecks throughout the stages of seed production, seed dispersal, germination, establishment, and survival. Our process-level understanding of regeneration by seed in BLHs is rudimentary, thus limiting our ability to predict the effects of hydrologic alterations on species composition. By focusing future research on the appropriate stages of regeneration, we can better understand the sources of forest-community transitions across the...

Tree Regeneration by Seed in Bottomland Hardwood Forests: A Review

Investigations of the impact of heavy metals on microbial community structure are crucial for bioremediation of the contaminated sites. To this end, high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to assess the variations of bacterial communities in 6 heavy metal-contaminated soils sampled from Liujiaping (LJP) and Shanping (SP) lead–zinc tailings situated in northwestern China. Compared with those of the farmland soil (NT), the heavy metal levels and chemical properties of the tailing soils were significantly different. Consistently, the bacterial community structures have been changed, displaying as the bacterial richness and diversity in the tailing soils were either increased or decreased, i.e., trending as SP > NT > LJP. The relative abundances of certain bacterial phyla mainly including Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadota, and Bacteroidota were significantly increased in certain SP and/or LJP soils. Further, the relative abundances of Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota were positively correlated with Cd, TP, TK, SOM, TN, and pH. The abundance of Cyanobacteria was significantly upregulated by Cu, Zn, and TP. Acidobacteriota was notably positively correlated with Cr, Pb, and NO3−_N. On the contrary, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi was negatively correlated with all the environmental parameters, especially with Cd, NO3−_N, TP, SOM, and TN. Together, our results implied that the heavy metals and chemical properties were both driving forces of the variations of the bacterial community structures in the tailing soils. Overall, we have successfully identified certain bacterial species such as s__unclassified_g__Sulfurifustis, s__unclassified_f__Rhodanobacteraceae, s__unclassified_g__Conexibacter, s__unclassified_g__norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, and s__unclassified_g__Blastococcus which were probably heavy metal-tolerant in these specific tailing soils, and this will provide a theoretical support for further bioremediations.

The Variations of Bacterial Community Structures in Tailing Soils Suffering from Heavy Metal Contaminations

Summary: Reactivation of hydrological dynamics is an essential part within restoration projects especially on floodplains. Frequently, oxbows are reconnected or former flood channels are supplied with water again. This can be accomplished for example by lowering spillway weirs, slit dams or widening of passages. In highly developed areas with various stakeholder interests and different types of land use the floodplain often is connected with the river via controllable sluices. This con tribution explains the importance of a controlled water management of sluice gates for the interplay between river and an artificially connected floodplain. First results of the hydrological monitoring can be achieved by the interpretation of hy drographs and ground water levels as well as mapping surveys of flooded areas with a GPS. The functionality and effective ness of restoration measures implemented in the research area on the Upper Danube between Neuburg and Ingolstadt are assessed and discussed. It is possible to point out that the different types of land use (forestry, nature conservation, water management and hydropower) within a river and its adjacent floodplain can only be brought together by an optimized con trol of the restoration measures themselves. The possibilities and constraints of an optimum discharge control, the major objective of this research, are discussed. Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen von Renaturierungsprojekten in Auen kommt der Reaktivierung der Wasserstandsdynamik eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Nicht selten werden Altarme wieder angeschlossen oder ehemalige Flutrinnen wieder mit Wasser versorgt. Dies kann z.B. durch Absenkung von Uberlaufschwellen, Dammschlitzungen oder Aufweitung von Durchlassen erfolgen. In Gebieten mit hoher Siedlungsdichte und diversen Nutzungsinteressen kann die Aue uber steuerbare Bauwerke wieder an den Fluss gekoppelt werden. Wie wichtig das Management von Abflussen bei steuerbaren Ausleitungsmengen ist, zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag. Hierbei werden uber die Interpretation von Wasserstandsganglinien und Grundwasserstanden an unterschiedlichen Auengewassern und uber eine flachenhafte Kartierung von Uberflutungs flachen mit GPS erste Ruckschlusse auf die Funktionalitat und Effektivitat von den im Untersuchungsgebiet der sudlichen Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt durchgefuhrten Renaturierungsmasnahmen gezogen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich die vielfaltigen konkurrierenden Nutzungen (Forstwirtschaft, Naturschutz, Wasserwirtschaft und Energieerzeugung aus Wasserkraft) an einem Fluss und seiner angrenzenden Aue nur durch eine optimierte Steuerung der Renaturierungsmasnahmen vereinen lassen. Die Moglichkeiten und Beschrankungen einer optimalen Steuerung des Abflusses, das wesentliche Ziel der Untersuchung, werden beschrieben.

/pdf/floodplain-restoration-on-the-upper-danube-by-re-33ur7l65o4.pdf

Floodplain restoration on the Upper Danube by re-establishing back water dynamics : first results of the hydrological monitoring

Hydrologic connectivity between the channel and floodplain is thought to be a dominant factor determining floodplain processes and characteristics of floodplain forests. We explored the role of hydrologic connectivity in explaining floodplain forest community composition along streams in northern Missouri, USA. Hydrologic analyses at 20 streamgages (207–5827 km2 area) document that magnitudes of 2-year return floods increase systematically with increasing drainage area whereas the average annual number and durations of floodplain-connecting events decrease. Flow durations above the active-channel shelf vary little with increasing drainage area, indicating that the active-channel shelf is in quasi-equilibrium with prevailing conditions. The downstream decrease in connectivity is associated with downstream increase in channel incision. These relations at streamflow gaging stations are consistent with regional channel disturbance patterns: channel incision increases downstream, whereas upstream reaches have either not incised or adjusted to incision by forming new equilibrium floodplains. These results provide a framework to explain landscape-scale variations in composition of floodplain forest communities in northern Missouri. Faust (2006) had tentatively explained increases of flood-dependent tree species, and decreases of species diversity, with a downstream increase in flood magnitude and duration. Because frequency and duration of floodplain-connecting events do not increase downstream, we hypothesize instead that increases in relative abundance of flood-dependent trees at larger drainage area result from increasing size of disturbance patches. Bank-overtopping floods at larger drainage area create large, open, depositional landforms that promoted the regeneration of shade-intolerant species. Higher tree species diversity in floodplains with small drainage areas is associated with non-incised floodplains that are frequently connected to their channels and therefore subject to greater effective hydrologic variability compared with downstream floodplains. Understanding the landscape-scale geomorphic and hydrologic controls on floodplain connectivity provides a basis for more effective management and restoration of floodplain forest communities. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Hydrologic connectivity of floodplains, northern missouri—implications for management and restoration of floodplain forest communities in disturbed landscapes

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Hydrologic connectivity of floodplains, northern missouri—implications for management and restoration of floodplain forest communities in disturbed landscapes