This review covers approximately 15 years of development in the techniques used to measure dielectric properties of materials over the frequency range 1 MHz to 1500 GHz. An introductory section summarizes the broad development trends and is followed by short sections which deal with developments at a more detailed level. The approaches described include time- and frequency-domain methods; reflection, transmission, and resonant methods, guided and free-space methods; discrete-frequency and broad-band methods, especially Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Measurements on magnetic materials are also briefly discussed.

The measurement of the properties of materials

Smart diaper moisture detection system described is a paper-based disposable moisture-activated RFID system that could be incorporated into the traditional cellulose-based diaper. The tag is semi-passive in the sense that it has no internal battery but incorporates a built-in energy conversion sensor (Action-Activated Tag). The tag with sensor unit is optimized for low-cost manufacturing, utilizes screen-printing with electrically conductive ink on paper-based substrates and inherits very low EM radiation. A discussion on the manufacturability and cost efficiency of the system is presented. A prototype system is shown and other possible application areas of the system are mentioned.

The "smart" diaper moisture detection system

This paper deals with the application of a microstrip sensor in setting up a harvesting system with the objective of obtaining the optimum oil yield and oil quality in the fruits.The moisture content in the fresh rnesocarp of the outer fruit of the bunch and corresponding magnitude of insertion loss (1S211) of a microstrip sensor were monitored at weekly intervals from 12 weeks after anthesis until the fruits were fully ripe and harvested. A close relationship between moisture content and oil content in mesocarp has beenfound.The sensor not only provided an objective measure for harvesting but also proved suitable for assessing the quality of fruits that reach the processing plant.

A Microstrip Sensor for Determination of Harvesting Time for Oil Palm Fruits (Tenera: Elaeis Guineensis)

The conventional method to determine ripeness of the oil
palm bunch is by using the number or percentage of detached
fruits per bunch. However the method has the disadvantage that
it does not relate to oil quantity and quality. Previous work has
shown a close relationship between oil content and moisture
content during fruit development. Thus,the oil content and
subsequently the time to harvest the fruit bunch can be
determined from moisture measurements.
In this study, a microstrip sensor has been developed to
determine the optimum time of harvesting the oil palm fruits
based on microwave attenuation. The sensor operating at 10.7GHz
was fabricated using RT-Duroidsubtrate and is suitable for
single fruit measurements. A theoretical analysis has been carried out to predict the variation in at tenuati on with moisture
content in the fruit mesocarp. The propagation of the
electromagnetic wave in the microstripis based on
quasi - transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM mode) and the
at tenuation is obtained by using signal flow graph technique.

A Microstrip Sensor for Determination of Harvesting Time for Oil Palm Fruits

A microwave moisture sensing arrangement comprises an oscillator and a detector and a microwave strip line sensor connected between the two. The sensor is inserted into bulk, penetrable materials. The detector detects a change in received signal due to absorption of radiation from the sensor. Moisture content of the material is determined by calibration.

Microwave moisture sensing arrangement

A compact form of stripline sensor has been developed which is robust in construction and suitable for measuring moisture contents up to 100% (wet basis). It offers potential for further miniaturisation of microwave moisture meter circuitry.

Compact Microstrip Sensor For High Moisture Content Materials

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Compact Microstrip Sensor For High Moisture Content Materials