Management efforts for the conservation of common tern Sterna hirundo colonies in the great lakes : two case histories

Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDE, DDT, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were analyzed for three age classes (e.g., pre-fledge muscle and blood, and post-fledge muscle) of the herring gull, ring-billed gull, and common tern for samples collected in the western end of Lake Superior in 1977. Concentrations of PCBs were highest and HCB concentrations were lowest of the chemicals analyzed in all four sample types and for all three species. Without exception, concentrations of all residues increased from the pre-fledge to the post-fledge stage despite this being a period of dilution. Residue concentrations of PCBs, DDE, and DDT in the eggs were higher (P 0.05); both species had higher concentrations of PCBs and DDT than the ring-billed gull. The herring gull had higher residue concentrations of HCB and DDE than the ring-billed gull, but the common tern did not differ from the ring-billed gull for HCB or DDE. Residue concentrations among the three species were similar in the post-fledge samples, however, there was an increasing pattern of residue concentrations in the common tern relative to the gull species. Principal component analysis revealed that residue concentrations of PCBs, DDE, and DDT were highly correlated (r > .76) in all three sample types and the first principal component could express a high proportion of the variation (>65%) in residue concentrations. In contrast, HCB residues were more independent and correlated (r > .53) with the second principal component. There was little correspondence between blood residue samples and the pre-fledge muscle samples. Residue concentration differences among the species are probably related to different life histories. The concentrations are below those that affect reproduction in the gull species, but potential impairment cannot be excluded for the common tern.

Organochlorine chemical residues in herring gulls, ring-billed gulls, and common terns of western Lake Superior.

Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) typically favor nest sites with 10–30% vegetative cover, and cover >30% may decrease nest success. Vegetation manipulations were performed in summer 1998 on Lime Island, Michigan, to determine if vegetative structure affects nest success of Common Terns. Three treatments (partial and complete herbicide and a control) were randomly assigned to 5 × 5-m plots. Our results suggest that Common Terns on Lime Island have the greatest nest success in areas that contain moderate amounts (about 40%) of total standing vegetation cover and litter cover (about 50%) that were associated with the partial herbicide areas. Although the greatest number of Common Tern nests were located in areas with 10–30% standing cover and >65% litter cover (complete herbicide), those areas had the lowest nest success. Researchers should not disregard the importance of areas that typically support fewer nests in greater amounts of standing vegetation cover when evaluating the nest success of Common ...

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Field-Ornithology/volume-73/issue-2/0273-8570-73.2.174/Impacts-of-vegetative-manipulations-on-Common-Tern-nest-success-at/10.1648/0273-8570-73.2.174.pdf

Impacts of vegetative manipulations on Common Tern nest success at Lime Island, Michigan

Status and Breeding Success of Common Terns in Minnesota

/pdf/the-common-tern-sterna-hirundo-in-western-lake-superior-1ix99agdl5.pdf

THE COMMON TERN (Sterna hirundo) IN WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR: HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND POPULATION MODELING

Status of Common Terns nesting at the Duluth Port Terminal 1982-1983

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Status of Common Terns nesting at the Duluth Port Terminal 1982-1983