Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production.

Using a dual-choice olfactometer, the role of L-lactic acid was investigated in relation to host-seeking and selection by female Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in a Y-tube bioassay. L-lactic acid alone was not attractive, but it significantly augmented the attractiveness of CO2, skin odour and skin-rubbing extracts from humans and other vertebrates. Comparing the left and right index fingers of the same person, one could be made more attractive than the other by adding L-lactic acid to the air stream over that finger. The difference in L-lactic acid concentration between the two air streams offered to the mosquitoes fell within the natural range of variation emanating from a human hand, suggesting that L-lactic acid modulates intraspecific host selection by An. gambiae. Analysis of skin rubbings from various vertebrates (carnivores, chickens, primates, rodents, ungulates) indicated that humans have uniquely high levels of L-lactic acid on their skin. Tests with extracts of skin rubbings from cows and humans, with and without added L-lactic acid, suggest that naturally lower levels of L-lactic acid contribute to the lesser attractiveness of non-humans to An. gambiae s.s.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0269-283x.2002.00345.x

L-lactic acid: a human-signifying host cue for the anthropophilic mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

In the following short review an attempt has been made to collate recent work on the sweat glands of different species. Information on these glands is, however, limited and it has been necessary to generalize from sparse evidence; most of the physiological information, for example, has been obtained from study of domestic and only a few wild animals. It is hoped, however, that, in spite of the dangers of generalization, by presenting the available data in comparative terms it will provoke discussion and a challenging of present views.

Comparative physiology of sweating.

Contents -- 1. The Environment -- 2. Basic Physical Mechanisms -- 3. Thermal Balance and Thermoregulation -- 4. Heat Exchange Between Animals and Environment: Mammals and Birds -- 5. Heat Exchange Between Animals and Environment: Aquatic Mammals -- 6. Shade and Shelter -- 7. Thermal Stress Indexes -- 8. Special Methods -- Index.

Principles of Animal Biometeorology

Pakistan lies in the Warm Climate Zones of the world and is subjected to extended periods of high ambient temperature and relative humidity. The objective of this article is to review the physiologic/adaptive responses of acclimated cattle to heat stress emphasizing its affects on nutrient acquisition and metabolism, acid-base chemistry and hormonal balance of the body. Heat stress invokes a decrease in dry matter intake, enhanced digestibility and reduced blood flow to the forestomach. The energy metabolism decreases while the water and electrolyte metabolism increases. A nycthermal pattern of acid-base balance is manifested by a high respiratory rate leading to respiratory alkalosis in the hot day time hours; and lower urine pH and greater urine ammonia concentrations in the cool night time hours. Hormones involved in thermal adaptations include, prolactin, growth hormone, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, catecholamines and antidiuretic hormone. These are either involved with nutrient partitioning and homeorhesis or for homeostatic regulation, augmented by thermal stressor. All these adaptive physiologic responses are the same in Bos taurus and Bos indicus but are less pronounced in the later, making it a thermotolerant breed. Cholistani breed of cattle may be utilized as a model to study the physiologic responses augmented by heat stress both on molecular and endocrinological levels.

Physiological Responses of Cattle to Heat Stress

A comparative study of the temporal patterns of cutaneous water vapour loss from some domesticated mammals with epitrichial sweat glands.

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A comparative study of the temporal patterns of cutaneous water vapour loss from some domesticated mammals with epitrichial sweat glands.