A review of all aspects of analysis associated with gunshot residues is provided. This includes a summary of what both inorganic and organic residues are, how they arise and how they may be collected from a variety of substrates. Ways of processing samples to the point of analysis and the means by which they may be analyzed using a variety of techniques is discussed. The techniques described include SEM/EDX, flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and some other less common methods for inorganic residues and gas, high performance liquid and super critical fluid chromatography with speciality detectors including mass spectrometry together with capillary electrophoresis, for organic residues. A summary of how the results of such analyses may be interpreted is discussed under the different analytical techniques.

Gunshot residue analysis : a review

Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonylurea herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with UV diode array or mass spectrometric detection

Comparison of gas and liquid chromatography for analysing polar pesticides in water samples

We evaluated the feasibility of extracting selectively and rapidly herbicide residues in soils by hot water and collecting analytes with a Carbograph 4 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge set on-line with the extraction cell Phenoxy acid herbicides and those nonacidic and acidic herbicides which are often used in combination with phenoxy acids were selected for this study Five different soil samples were fortified with target compounds at levels of 100 and 10 ng/g (30 ng/g of clopyralid and picloram) by following a procedure able to mimic weathered soils Herbicides were extracted with water at 90 °C and collected on-line by the SPE cartridge After the cartridge was disconnected from the extraction apparatus, analytes were recovered by stepwise elution to separate nonacidic herbicides from acidic ones The two final extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry with an electrospray ion source At the lowest spike level considered, analyte recoveries ranged between 81 and 93%, except those for 2,4-DB and MCPB, which were 63% For 16 herbicides out of 18, the ANOVA test showed recoveries were not dependent on the type of soil The method detection limit was in the 17-10 ng/g range For the analytes considered, method comparison showed this extraction method was overall more efficient than Soxhlet and sonication extraction techniques

Multiresidue Herbicide Analysis in Soil: Subcritical Water Extraction with an On-Line Sorbent Trap

Extraction methodology and chromatography for the determination of residual pesticides in water

Chromatographic determination of phenylurea herbicides and their corresponding aniline degradation products in environmental samples. I.

Analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse a colonne capillaire, apres hydrolyse catalytique des phenylurees sur de la silice, separation par chromatographie en phase liquide des herbicides et des sous-produits (anilines), et derivatisation a l'aide de reactifs pour la detection par capture d'electrons

The use of various chromatographic techniques for the determination of phenylurea herbicides and their corresponding anilines in environmental samples. II. Applications.

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Chromatographic determination of phenylurea herbicides and their corresponding aniline degradation products in environmental samples. I.

The use of various chromatographic techniques for the determination of phenylurea herbicides and their corresponding anilines in environmental samples. II. Applications.