In this review we report new findings concerning interaction between marine debris and wildlife. Deleterious effects and consequences of entanglement, consumption and smothering are highlighted and discussed. The number of species known to have been affected by either entanglement or ingestion of plastic debris has doubled since 1997, from 267 to 557 species among all groups of wildlife. For marine turtles the number of affected species increased from 86 to 100 % (now 7 of 7 species), for marine mammals from 43 to 66 % (now 81 of 123 species) and for seabirds from 44 to 50 % of species (now 203 of 406 species). Strong increases in records were also listed for fish and invertebrates, groups that were previously not considered in detail. In future records of interactions between marine debris and wildlife we recommend to focus on standardized data on frequency of occurrence and quantities of debris ingested. In combination with dedicated impact studies in the wild or experiments, this will allow more detailed assessments of the deleterious effects of marine debris on individuals and populations.

/pdf/deleterious-effects-of-litter-on-marine-life-20031a25xa.pdf

Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life

More than 230,000 known species representing 31 metazoan phyla populate the world’s oceans. Perhaps another 1,000,000 or more species remain to be discovered. There is reason for concern that species extinctions may outpace discovery, especially in diverse and endangered marine habitats such as coral reefs. DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences for species recognition and discrimination) are useful tools to accelerate species-level analysis of marine biodiversity and to facilitate conservation efforts. This review focuses on the usual barcode region for metazoans: a ∼648 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Barcodes have also been used for population genetic and phylogeographic analysis, identification of prey in gut contents, detection of invasive species, forensics, and seafood safety. More controversially, barcodes have been used to delimit species boundaries, reveal cryptic species, and discover new species. Emerging frontiers are the use of barcodes for rapid and increasingly automated biodiversity assessment by high-throughput sequencing, including environmental barcoding and the use of barcodes to detect species for which formal identification or scientific naming may never be possible.

DNA Barcoding of Marine Metazoa

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/75929/1/1-s2.0-S0025326X13000489-main.pdf

As main meal for sperm whales: Plastics debris

The evolution of cetaceans, from their early transition to an aquatic lifestyle to their subsequent diversification, has been the subject of numerous studies. However, although the higher-level relationships among cetacean families have been largely settled, several aspects of the systematics within these groups remain unresolved. Problematic clades include the oceanic dolphins (37 spp.), which have experienced a recent rapid radiation, and the beaked whales (22 spp.), which have not been investigated in detail using nuclear loci. The combined application of high-throughput sequencing with techniques that target specific genomic sequences provide a powerful means of rapidly generating large volumes of orthologous sequence data for use in phylogenomic studies. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Cetacea, we combined sequence capture with Illumina sequencing to generate data for $\sim $3200 protein-coding genes for 68 cetacean species and their close relatives including the pygmy hippopotamus. By combining data from $>$38,000 exons with existing sequences from 11 cetaceans and seven outgroup taxa, we produced the first comprehensive comparative genomic data set for cetaceans, spanning 6,527,596 aligned base pairs (bp) and 89 taxa. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of concatenated loci, as well as with coalescence analyses of individual gene trees, produced mostly concordant and well-supported trees. Our results completely resolve the relationships among beaked whales as well as the contentious relationships among oceanic dolphins, especially the problematic subfamily Delphinidae. We carried out Bayesian estimation of species divergence times using MCMCTree and compared our complete data set to a subset of clocklike genes. Analyses using the complete data set consistently showed less variance in divergence times than the reduced data set. In addition, integration of new fossils (e.g., Mystacodon selenensis) indicates that the diversification of Crown Cetacea began before the Late Eocene and the divergence of Crown Delphinidae as early as the Middle Miocene. [Cetaceans; phylogenomics; Delphinidae; Ziphiidae; dolphins; whales.].

/pdf/phylogenomic-resolution-of-the-cetacean-tree-of-life-using-3wjnijxz9e.pdf

Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture

https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=sns_theses

Marine Debris in Central California: Quantifying Type and Abundance of Beach Litter in Monterey Bay, CA

DNA sequence data enable not only the inference of evolutionary relationships and population histories but also represent a powerful tool for uncovering hidden biodiversity, an approach that has become known as \"DNA taxonomy\" (Dalebout eta/. 2002, Meegasku.mhura.eta/. 2002, Hebert eta/. 2004). The application of DNA taxonomy to beaked whales (Ziphiidae), the least known of all cetacean families, has led to some significant discoveries in recent years. These include the description of a new species from the North Pacific {Mesop/odon perrini; Dalebout et a/. 2002), the

A DIVERGENT mtDNA LINEAGE AMONG MESOPLODON BEAKED WHALES: MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR A NEW SPECIES IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC?

Monitoring a rehabilitated harbor porpoise using satellite telemetry

The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is highly endangered, but relatively little is known about how human societies interacted with the species in the past. We reviewed historical documents to reconstruct past human–monk seal relationships in the Hawaiian archipelago and describe ongoing efforts to understand the significance of the species in Native Hawaiian culture. Though the prehistoric period remains poorly understood, our findings suggest that monk seals were likely rare but not unknown to Hawaiian communities in the 19th and 20th centuries. References are made to monk seals in Hawaiian-language newspapers, and oral history research with Native Hawaiian practitioners and community elders reveals new words for the species that were previously unknown. This information may prove useful in crafting culturally appropriate management plans for the species and for developing more effective outreach activities to engage with coastal communities and ocean users. Our research may also aid in establishing long-term ecological baselines that can inform modern efforts to recover the species.

Culture, conservation, and conflict: Assessing the human dimensions of Hawaiian monk seal recovery

Case study: morbidity in a pygmy sperm whale kogia breviceps due to ocean‐bourne plastic

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A DIVERGENT mtDNA LINEAGE AMONG MESOPLODON BEAKED WHALES: MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR A NEW SPECIES IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC?

Monitoring a rehabilitated harbor porpoise using satellite telemetry

Culture, conservation, and conflict: Assessing the human dimensions of Hawaiian monk seal recovery

Case study: morbidity in a pygmy sperm whale kogia breviceps due to ocean‐bourne plastic