With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the past three decades, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) are frequently used in consumer products, food additives, cosmetics, drug carriers, and so on. Once human beings are unintentionally exposed to NPs, they could be absorbed, and then accumulated in brain regions by passing through the blood–brain barrier or through the nose-to-brain pathway, potentially leading to dysfunctions of brain. Besides, NPs may affect brain development of the embryo by crossing the placental barrier. Several in vivo and in vitro researches have demonstrated that the morphology and function of neuronal or glial cells could be impaired by TiO 2 NPs, which might induce cell necrosis. The recognition ability, spatial memory, and learning ability of TiO 2 NP-treated rodents were significantly impaired, which meant that accumulation of TiO 2 NPs in the brain could lead to neurodegeneration. However, data obtained from those studies were not consistent as researchers may choose different experimental parameters, including administration ways, dosage, size, and crystal structure of TiO 2 NPs. In this chapter, we discuss how TiO 2 NPs interact with the brain.

Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Brain

Background Metal implants can produce heat and damage adjacent tissues under microwave irradiation, which makes local metal implants in the body a contraindication for microwave therapy. However, with the wide application of titanium alloy implants which have low permeability and low conductivity, this concept has been challenged. Our team members have confirmed through previous research that continuous low-power microwave irradiation does not cause thermal damage to the surrounding tissues of the titanium alloy. Is there any other way to further increase the dose of microwave irradiation while reducing the heat production of titanium alloy implants? In this study, the effect of TiO2 nanofilm on reducing the heat production of titanium alloy implants in microwave field was verified by animal experiments, and the effect of TiO2 nanofilm on fracture healing was observed. Methods 30 rabbits were selected. In the experiment of temperature measurement, 10 rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 5) and control group (n = 5), and the contralateral lower limb of the rabbits in experimental group was set as the sham operation group. The right femurs in the experimental group were implanted with Ti6Al4V plates coated with TiO2 nanofilm, and the right femurs in the control group were implanted with common titanium alloy plates without TiO2 nanofilm. The same surgical procedure was used in the sham operation group, but no plate was implanted. The temperature of the deep tissue above the metal implant was measured with an anti-interference thermocouple thermometer during 20 minutes of microwave irradiation. The other 20 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups, experimental group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). The femoral shaft fracture models were established again. Ti6Al4V plates coated with TiO2 nanofilm and common titanium alloy plates were implanted in the two groups, respectively, and both groups were exposed to continuous microwave irradiation with a power of 40 W or 60 W for 30 days after operation. The fracture healing was evaluated by X-ray at 0 day, 14 days, and 30 days after microwave irradiation, respectively. The animals were sacrificed at 30 days after operation for histopathological assessment. Results The temperature in the experimental group, control group, and sham operation group increased significantly after 40 W and 60 W microwave irradiation (2.18 ± 0.15°C~6.02 ± 0.38°C). When exposed to 40 W microwave, the temperature rise of the control group was 4.0 ± 0.34°C, which was significantly higher than that of the experimental group 2.82 ± 0.15°C (P < 0.01) and the sham operation group 2.18 ± 0.33°C (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in temperature rise between the experimental group and the sham operation group (P = 0.21). When exposed to 60 W microwave, the temperature rise of the control group was 6.02 ± 0.38°C, which was significantly higher than that of the experimental group 3.66 ± 0.14°C (P < 0.01) and sham operation group 2.96 ± 0.22°C (P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the sham operation group (P = 0.32). X-ray evaluation showed that there was no significant difference in callus maturity between the experimental group and the control group at 14 days (P = 0.554), but there was significant difference in callus maturity between the two groups at 30 days (P = 0.041). The analysis of bone histologic and histomorphometric data at 30 days was also consistent with this. Conclusion Under the animal experimental condition, compared with the common titanium alloy implant, the TiO2 nanofilm can reduce the heat production of the titanium alloy implant in the 2450 MHz microwave field and has no adverse effect on fracture healing. This study opens up a promising new idea for the application of microwave therapy to metal implants in human body.

/pdf/study-on-tio2-nanofilm-that-reduces-the-heat-production-of-13lfqg2d.pdf

Study on TiO2 Nanofilm That Reduces the Heat Production of Titanium Alloy Implant in Microwave Irradiation and Does Not Affect Fracture Healing

Objective: To verify that the TiO2 nanofilm dip-coated by sol-gel can reduce titanium alloy implants (TAI)'s heat production after microwave diathermy (MD).Methods: The effect of 40 W and 60 W MD on the titanium alloy substrate coated with TiO2 nanofilm (Experimental Group) and the titanium alloy substrate without film (Control Group) were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Changes in the skeletal muscle around the implant were evaluated in ex vivo by histology.Results: After 20 min of MD, in vitro the temperature rise of the titanium substrate was less in the Experimental Group than in the Control Group (40 W: 1.4 °C vs. 2.6 °C, p < .01, 60 W: 2.5 °C vs. 3.7 °C, p < .01) and in vivo, the temperature rise of the muscle tissue adjacent to TAI was lower in the Experimental Group than in the Control Group (40 W: 3.29 °C vs. 4.8 °C, p < .01, 60 W: 4.16 °C vs. 6.52 °C, p < .01). Skeletal muscle thermal injury can be found in the Control Group but not in the Experimental Group.Conclusion: Sol-gel dip-coated TiO2 nanofilm can reduce the heat production of TAIs under single 40～60 W and continuous 40 W MD and protect the muscle tissue adjacent to the implants against thermal injury caused by irradiation.

Sol-gel dip-coated TiO2 nanofilms reduce heat production in titanium alloy implants produced by microwave diathermy.

Nanostructures materials have become the main attraction for material researchers for the last five decades due to their contributions to different disciplines such as environment, electronics, photonics, medicine, etc. Various kinds of nanomaterials have been developed and are currently utilized in innumerable applications. Here, we provide a brief overview of the concept of nanostructures materials and their laboratory-scale processing. Nanostructure materials of TiO2 were chosen to be the example to discuss in detail in terms of types of nanostructures, their synthesis methods, and characterization techniques. This chapter will be useful/attractive for beginners in the field of nanostructured materials as well as for experts who are dealing with titanium dioxide (TiO2).

Basic concepts and processing of nanostructures materials

http://or.nsfc.gov.cn/bitstream/00001903-5/290188/1/1000014156509.pdf

A Titanium Dioxide Nano Film Encapsulation for Metal Orthopedic Implants in Diathermy Rehabilitation Therapy

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A Titanium Dioxide Nano Film Encapsulation for Metal Orthopedic Implants in Diathermy Rehabilitation Therapy