Embodiments disclosed herein for MAC processing for efficient use of high throughput systems and that may be backward compatible with various types of legacy systems. In one aspect, a data transmission structure comprises a consolidated poll and one or more frames transmitted in accordance with the consolidated poll. In another aspect, a Time Division Duplexing (TDD) data transmission structure comprises a pilot, a consolidated poll, and zero or more access point to remote station frames in accordance with the consolidated poll. In one aspect, frames are transmitted sequentially with no or substantially reduced interframe spacing. In another aspect, a guard interframe spacing may be introduced between frames transmitted from different sources, or with substantially different power levels. In another aspect, a single preamble is transmitted in association with one or more frames. In another aspect, a block acknowledgement is transmitted subsequent to the transmission of one or more sequential frames.

High speed media access control

Techniques for MAC processing for efficient use of high throughput systems that may be backward compatible with various types of legacy systems are disclosed. In one aspect, a data frame is formed comprising a common portion for transmission in a format receivable by various stations, such as access points and remote stations. The data frame also comprises a dedicated portion, formatted for transmission to a specified remote station. In another aspect, the common portion is unsteered, and the dedicated portion is steered. In another aspect, an access point schedules an allocation in response to a data indication included in a common portion of a data frame transmitted from one remote station to another. In another aspect, a first station transmits a reference to a second station, which measures the reference and generates feedback therefrom.

High speed media access control and direct link protocol

The need for critical improvements to the North American surface transportation infrastructure vis-a-vis alleviation of congestion while enhancing public safety has led to new intelligent transportation system (ITS) infrastructure based on vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) wireless communications. The allocation of 75 MHz in the 5.9 GHz band for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) may also enable future delivery of rich media content to vehicles at short to medium ranges via vehicle-to-roadside (v2e) links. Recently, AASTM committee E17.51 endorsed a variant of the IEEE wireless LAN standard, denoted 802.11a roadside applications (R/A), as the platform for the DSRC link and data link layer. In this article, we provide a tutorial overview of DSRC applications and assess IEEE802.11 PHY and MAC layer characteristics in this context. It is anticipated that current 802.11 specifications need to be suitably altered to meet requirements for DSRC environments of multihop connectivity, high vehicle mobility, and heterogeneous services with a variety of QoS requirements for which the original design was not intended. This article captures the current state of the art of 802.11-based multiple access protocols and highlights open research issues.

MAC for dedicated short range communications in intelligent transport system

An ad hoc network with distributed hierarchical scheduling is disclosed. In one aspect, stations in a network mesh detect interfering neighbor stations and form interference lists. Stations transmit their interference lists. Scheduling stations schedule allocations for child stations in response to interference lists, received remote allocations, or a combination thereof. Coordination messages are transmitted including frame structure, allocations, and interference lists, among others. In another aspect, an ad hoc mesh network may be organized into a tree topology. In an example wireless backhaul network, this matches traffic flow. Distributed, hierarchical scheduling is provided where parents schedule communication with children while respecting already scheduled transmissions to/from interferers and to/from interferers of their respective children. Procedures to construct interference constraints for distributed, hierarchical scheduling are described, resulting in efficient scheduling and reuse in an ad hoc wireless network, without centralized scheduling. Various other aspects are also disclosed.

Distributed hierarchical scheduling in an ad hoc network

Embodiments addressing MAC processing for efficient use of high throughput systems are disclosed. In one aspect, an apparatus comprises a first layer for receiving one or more packets from one or more data flows and for generating one or more first layer Protocol Data Units (PDUs) from the one or more packets. In another aspect, a second layer is deployed for generating one or more MAC frames based on the one or more MAC layer PDUs. In another aspect, a MAC frame is deployed for transmitting one or more MAC layer PDUs. The MAC frame may comprise a control channel for transmitting one or more allocations. The MAC frame may comprise one or more traffic segments in accordance with allocations.

Method, apparatus, and system for medium access control

Wireless technologies and applications received great attention in recent years. The medium access control (MAC) protocol is the main element that determines the efficiency in sharing the limited communication bandwidth of the wireless channel in wireless local area networks (WLANs). The request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTSICTS) mechanism is an optional handshaking procedure used by the IEEE 802.11 wireless network to reduce the possibility of collision. The RTS-Threshold (RT) value which determines when the RTS/CTS handshaking mechanism should be used is an important parameter to investigate; since different RT values will produce different performance characteristics in data transmission. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of the RT parameter on the IEEE 802.11 wireless network, and gives a guideline to dynamically adjust the RT value. Simulation results of this paper show that the RTSICTS mechanism should be always turned on (RT = 0) to achieve an excellent performance while saving complex work designing a dynamic RT mechanism which will not have notable effect.

/pdf/the-impact-of-rts-threshold-on-ieee-802-11-mac-protocol-1nzmw86h0t.pdf

The impact of RTS threshold on IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol

We propose a data flushing data transfer (DFDT) protocol. The distributed coordinate function (DCF) of IEEE 802.11 supports data transmissions using the data-ACK method and the request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) method. The data-ACK method has a low protocol overhead, however, the transmissions are prone to collision. Although the RTS/CTS mechanism reduces the probability of collisions of data packets, the handshaking generates extensive overhead. Another issue with the IEEE 802.11 DCF is the contention for channel access; much bandwidth is wasted with the contention, especially when the mean data length is short. DFDT is capable of sending out multiple data packets from the upper layer, after acquiring channel access by a successful contention, within one frame which we call compiled MPDU (cMPDU). Right after the transmission of the data frame, the destination nodes will reply an positive/negative acknowledgement in a consecutive manner. By using this method, the protocol overhead is relatively lowered while retaining service quality and the waste of bandwidth for contention is also reduced. Simulation results show that DFDT can handle higher traffic load and has better throughput then the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol.

/pdf/an-improved-data-flushing-mac-protocol-for-ieee-802-11-3m1afbjc01.pdf

An improved data flushing MAC protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless ad hoc network

An approach to build highly scalable and robust networked virtual environments (NVEs) is using the peer-to-peer overlay networks. Voronoi-based overlay network (VON) has been proposed to maintain a highly overlay topology consistency in a bandwidth- efficient manner. However, the related research requires all nodes to connect directly with their relevant neighbors. This limits the number of neighbors should appear within the area of interest (AOI) of a given node. A new forwarding model for VON is proposed to solve this problem by connecting only with the nearest neighbors that is called the enclosing neighbors (EN), and propagating the position updates information to other nodes by message forwarding. In this way, the AOI of a given node may be more flexibly expanded and different bandwidth capacities may be more efficiently utilized.

/pdf/a-forwarding-model-for-voronoi-based-overlay-network-56u0auu1i6.pdf

A forwarding model for Voronoi-based Overlay Network

We present a data flushing data transfer (DFDT) protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless ad hoc network. The basic mechanism of DFDT is quite the same as the distributed coordination function (DCF) of the medium access control (MAC) of IEEE 802.11, which uses a random access delay backoff time after a busy medium condition and RTS/CTS dialogue before sending actual payload data (direct data/ACK could also be used). The enhancement introduced by DFDT is mainly produced by the compilation process (CP), which fits as many MAC layer packets as possible into one physical layer packet within the limit of a predetermined length. By using the CP, we lower the protocol overhead, the packet arrival rate of the physical layer, and network contention all with one action. DFDT takes the advantages of the RTS/CTS mechanism but has less the overhead. Simulation results backed by numerical analysis show growing improvement in performance, limited by the saturation of the network, as the network load gets higher.

Data flushing data transfer protocol for IEEE 802.11 ad hoc wireless network

The scalability of large-scale networked virtual environments (NVEs) such as today's massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) faces inherent limits imposed by client-server architectures We identify an emerging research direction that applies peer-to-peer (P2P) networks in order to realize more scalable and affordable NVEs The central issue for P2P-based NVE (P2P-NVE) systems is to correctly and efficiently maintain the topology of all participating peers by solving the neighbor discovery problem We also propose the Voronoi-based overlay network (VON), a simple and efficient design that maintains the P2P topology in a fully-distributed, low-latency, and message-efficient manner Simulation results show that by bounding the per-node resource consumption, VON can be fundamentally more scalable than existing methods while achieving high topology consistency and reliability

/pdf/von-a-scalable-peer-to-peer-network-for-virtual-environments-34llq742sv.pdf

VON: a scalable peer-to-peer network for virtual environments

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