Preface Foreword 1 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION 1.1. Why Conserve Soil? 1.2. Agents that Degrade Soil 1.3. Soil Erosion 1.4. History of Soil Erosion 1.5. Consequences of Soil Erosion 1.6. Drivers of Soil Erosion 1.7. Erosion in the USA 1.8. Global Distribution of Soil Erosion 1.9. Current Trends in Soil and Water Conservation Summary Study Questions References 2 WATER EROSION 2.2. Types 2.3. Processes 2.4. Factors 2.5. Agents 2.6. Rainfall Erosivity 2.7. Runoff Erosivity 2.8. Soil Properties Affecting Erodibility 2.9. Measuring Erosion Summary Study Questions References 3 WIND EROSION 3.1. Processes 3.2. Factors 3.3. Wind Erosivity 3.4. Soil Erodibility 3.5. Measuring Wind Erosion 3.6. Management of Wind Erosion 3.7. Windbreaks 3.8. Crop Residues 3.9. Perennial Grasses 3.10. Conservation Tillage Summary Study Questions References 4 MODELING WATER AND WIND EROSION 4.1. Modeling Erosion 4.2. Empirical Models 4.3. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 4.4. Modified USLE (MUSLE) 4.5. Revised USLE (RUSLE): 4.6. Process-Based Models 4.7. Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) 4.8. Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) 4.9. Other Water Erosion Models 4.10. Modeling Wind Erosion 4.11. Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) 4.12. Revised WEQ (RWEQ) 4.13. Process-Based Models 4.14. Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) 4.15. Other Wind Erosion Models 4.16. Limitations of Water and Wind Models Summary Study Questions References 5 TILLAGE EROSION 5.1. Definition and Magnitude of the Problem 5.2. Tillage Erosion Research: Past and Present 5.3. Tillage Erosion versus Water and Wind Erosion 5.4. Factors Affecting Tillage Erosion 5.5. Landform Erodibility 5.6. Soil Erodibility 5.7. Tillage Erosivity 5.8. Tillage Erosion and Soil Properties 5.9. Indicators of Tillage Erosion 5.10. Measurement of Soil Displacement 5.11. Tillage Erosion and Crop Production 5.12. Management of Tillage Erosion 5.13. Tillage Erosion Modeling 5.14. Predictive Equations 5.15. Computer Models 5.16. Soil Erosion and Crop Harvesting Summary Study Questions References 6 BIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF EROSION CONTROL 6.1. Functions of Canopy Cover 6.2. Soil Amendments 6.3. Cover Crops 6.4. Crop Residues 6.5. Residue Harvesting for Biofuel Production 6.6. Bioenergy Plantations as an Alternative to Crop Residue Removal 6.7. Manuring 6.8. Soil Conditioners: Polymers 6.9. Polyacrylamides Summary Study Questions References 7 CROPPING SYSTEMS 7.1. Fallow Systems 7.2. Summer Fallows 7.3. Monoculture 7.4. Crop Rotations 7.5. Cover Crops 7.6. Cropping Intensity 7.7. Row Crops 7.8. Multiple Cropping 7.9. Double Cropping 7.10. Relay Cropping 7.11. Intercropping 7.12. Contour Farming 7.13. Strip Cropping 7. 14. Contour Strip Cropping 7.15. Land Equivalent Ratio 7.16. Organic Farming Summary Study Questions References 8 NO-TILL FARMING 8.1. Seedbed and Soil Tilth 8.2. Factors Affecting Soil Tilth 8.3. Tilth Index 8.4. Tillage 8.5. Tillage Tools 8.6. Types of Tillage Systems 8.7. Conventional Tillage: Moldboard Plowing 8.8. Conservation Tillage Systems 8.9. No-Till Farming 8.10. Benefits of No-Till Farming 8.11. Challenges in No-Till Management 8.12. No-Till and Subsoiling 8.13. Reduced Tillage 8.14. Mulch Tillage 8.15. Strip Tillage 8.16. Ridge Tillage Summary Study Questions References 9 BUFFER STRIPS 9.1. Importance 9.2. Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal 9.3. Factors Influencing the Performance of Buffer Strips 9.4. Types and Management 9.5. Riparian Buffer Strips 9.6. Filters Strips 9.7. Grass Barriers 9.8. Grass Waterways 9.9. Field Borders 9.10. Modeling of Sediment Transport through Buffer Strips Summary Study Questions References 10 AGROFORESTRY 10.1. Importance 10.2. Classification 10.3. History 10.4. Current Trends 10.5. Functions of Agroforestry 10.6. Agroforestry and Factors of Soil Erosion 10.7. Agroforestry and Land Rec

Principles of Soil Conservation and Management

Binary biosorption of copper and lead onto pine cone shell in batch reactors and in fixed bed columns

Improvement of biogas, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol production from different pine tree wastes, that is, needle leaves, branches, cones, and bark, were investigated using an alkali pretreatment. The pretreatment was performed with 8.0% w/w NaOH solution either at 0 °C for 60 min or 100 °C for 10 min. Different parts of the tree had dissimilar composition and properties, and effectiveness of the pretreatments was significantly different for each part. Among the untreated parts, the highest amount of biomethane production was obtained from needle leaves, which was 213 mL/(g·VS). The high temperature pretreatment was more effective on enzymatic hydrolysis, especially on needle leaves in which the yield was improved from 25.5 to 85%. Similar to enzymatic hydrolysis, ethanol yields from the wastes were improved more by the pretreatment at high temperature. Structural analyses indicated that crystallinity reduction and lignin removal were the main reasons for the observed improvements.

Alkali Pretreatment for Improvement of Biogas and Ethanol Production from Different Waste Parts of Pine Tree

Effects of rice straw mats on runoff and sediment discharge in a laboratory rainfall simulation

In this study, two types of simulations were performed. First, indoor rainfall simulation revealed that runoff ratio (0–63.3 %) decreased dramatically with surface cover, compared with no surface cover condition (55–85.3 %), and sediment load and concentration also decreased. With additions of PAM, sawdust, and rice hull to rice straw mat, the runoff ratio decreased to 52.8, 36.6, and 53.2 %, compared with only rice straw mat condition (runoff ratio of 63.3 %). When gypsum was added, no runoff was observed in case of rainfall intensity of 30 mm/h. Under 60 mm/h rainfall condition, 50 % or more runoff reduction was observed. These could be explained in that surface cover reduces detachment of soil particles and keeps infiltration rate by reducing surface sealing with detached soil particle which could happen under non-surface cover condition. Second, when rice straw mat was applied to soybean field, no runoff was observed until rainfall intensity of 5.8 mm/h or greater, while runoff was observed with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/h at no surface covered soybean field. In addition, 89.7–99.4 % of pollutant reductions were observed with rice straw mat at the soybean field. When rice straw mat with additions of wood shaves was applied to Chinese cabbage and radish fields, 4.3–75.8 % of runoff reductions and 28–80.8 % of pollutant reductions were observed. In case of Chinese cabbage, 122.1 % yield increase was observed and 153.4 % yield increase in case of radish.

Effect of surface cover on the reduction of runoff and agricultural NPS pollution from upland fields

Pine needles (straw) are an attractive landscape mulching material that protects the soil surface against erosion, conserves soil moisture, moderates soil temperature, and inhibits weed growth; yet it retains a loose, open structure that allows air, fertilizer, and water to easily penetrate the soil surface. Such characteristics have made pine straw a valuable commodity, but the loss of those mulching benefits from pine forests has raised concerns about effects on watersheds where pine straw is harvested. For example, pine straw absorbs the impact of raindrops and slows the speed of runoff, so its removal may increase soil erosion and nutrient losses, and decrease water-holding capacity of the forest floor. To test this hypothesis, three pine-straw harvesting practices and a control treatment (no straw harvest) were compared to determine harvesting effects on water, soil, and nutrient losses in runoff. The 24 plots (six replications of each treatment) were constructed in an established (16 yrs) loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand that had tree spacing of 3.0 m by 1.5 m (10 ft by 5 ft), and basal area of 41.3 m2 ha−1 (180 ft2 ac−1). Each plot (2 m by 1 m or 6.6 ft by 3.3 ft) had four percent slope, aluminum borders, and a runoff collector. Simulated rainfall was applied [5 cm h−1 (2 in h−1)] to produce 20 minutes of runoff from each plot. Annual pine straw harvesting clearly increased runoff, soil erosion from 0.5 to 91.6 kg ha−1 (0.4 to 81.7 Ib ac−1), and losses of phosphorus (P), carbon (C), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (N) in runoff; but these losses were partially controlled by less-frequent harvesting, and declined to control levels when pine straw had accumulated for two years.

Effects of pine straw harvesting on quantity and quality of surface runoff

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Effects of pine straw harvesting on quantity and quality of surface runoff