This introductory review on plasma health care is intended to provide the interested reader with a summary of the current status of this emerging field, its scope, and its broad interdisciplinary approach, ranging from plasma physics, chemistry and technology, to microbiology, biochemistry, biophysics, medicine and hygiene. Apart from the basic plasma processes and the restrictions and requirements set by international health standards, the review focuses on plasma interaction with prokaryotic cells (bacteria), eukaryotic cells (mammalian cells), cell membranes, DNA etc. In so doing, some of the unfamiliar terminology—an unavoidable by-product of interdisciplinary research—is covered and explained. Plasma health care may provide a fast and efficient new path for effective hospital (and other public buildings) hygiene— helping to prevent and contain diseases that are continuously gaining ground as resistance of pathogens to antibiotics grows. The delivery of medically active 'substances' at the molecular or ionic level is another exciting topic of research through effects on cell walls (permeabilization), cell excitation (paracrine action) and the introduction of reactive species into cell cytoplasm. Electric fields, charging of surfaces, current flows etc can also affect tissue in a controlled way. The field is young and hopes are high. It is fitting to cover the beginnings in New Journal of Physics, since it is the physics (and non- equilibrium chemistry) of room temperature atmospheric pressure plasmas that have made this development of plasma health care possible.

/pdf/plasma-medicine-an-introductory-review-16ncxlrbef.pdf

Plasma medicine: an introductory review

Reactive species in non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas: Generation, transport, and biological effects

Atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma jets (APNP-Js), which generate plasma in open space rather than in a confined discharge gap, have recently been a topic of great interest. In this paper, the development of APNP-Js will be reviewed. Firstly, the APNP-Js are grouped based on the type of gas used to ignite them and their characteristics are discussed in detail. Secondly, one of the most interesting phenomena of APNP-Js, the ?plasma bullet?, is discussed and its behavior described. Thirdly, the very recent developments on the behavior of plasma jets when launched in a controlled environment and pressure are also introduced. This is followed by a discussion on the interaction between plasma jets. Finally, perspectives on APNP-J research are presented.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0963-0252/21/3/034005/pdf

On atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma jets and plasma bullets

A radio-frequency atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet is used for the inactivation of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in solutions. The source is characterized by measurements of power dissipation, gas temperature, absolute UV irradiance as well as mass spectrometry measurements of emitted ions. The plasma-induced liquid chemistry is studied by performing liquid ion chromatography and hydrogen peroxide concentration measurements on treated distilled water samples. Additionally, a quantitative estimation of an extensive liquid chemistry induced by the plasma is made by solution kinetics calculations. The role of the different active components of the plasma is evaluated based on either measurements, as mentioned above, or estimations based on published data of measurements of those components. For the experimental conditions being considered in this work, it is shown that the bactericidal effect can be solely ascribed to plasma-induced liquid chemistry, leading to the production of stable and transient chemical species. It is shown that HNO2, ONOO − and H2O2 are present in the liquid phase in similar quantities to concentrations which are reported in the literature to cause bacterial inactivation. The importance of plasma-induced chemistry at the gas‐liquid interface is illustrated and discussed in detail. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/46/17/175203/pdf

Mechanisms of bacterial inactivation in the liquid phase induced by a remote RF cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet

A zero-dimensional, semi-empirical model is used to describe the plasma chemistry in an argon plasma jet flowing into humid air, mimicking the experimental conditions of a setup from the Eindhoven University of Technology. The model provides species density profiles as a function of the position in the plasma jet device and effluent. A reaction chemistry set for an argon/humid air mixture is developed, which considers 84 different species and 1880 reactions. Additionally, we present a reduced chemistry set, useful for higher level computational models. Calculated species density profiles along the plasma jet are shown and the chemical pathways are explained in detail. It is demonstrated that chemically reactive H, N, O and OH radicals are formed in large quantities after the nozzle exit and H2, O2(1Δg), O3, H2O2, NO2, N2O, HNO2 and HNO3 are predominantly formed as ‘long living’ species. The simulations show that water clustering of positive ions is very important under these conditions. The influence of vibrational excitation on the calculated electron temperature is studied. Finally, the effect of varying gas temperature, flow speed, power density and air humidity on the chemistry is investigated.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/46/27/275201/pdf

Kinetic modelling for an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet in humid air

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been applied to measure the absolute production rate of NO molecules in the gas phase of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) operating at rf (13.56 MHz) in argon with small (up to 1%) admixtures of air. The resulting NO production rates were found to be in the range (0.1–80) × 10−3 sccm or (0.05–35) × 1018 molecules s−1 depending on the experimental conditions. Maximum rates were obtained at 0.2% air. For TDLAS measurements the APPJ was arranged inside an astigmatic multi-pass cell of Herriott type with 100 m absorption length. The insertion into a closed volume differs slightly from the normal, open operation with the jet propagating freely into air. Therefore, the measuring results are compared with optical emission of the open jet to verify equivalent experimental conditions. The dependence of the optical emission of NO (237 nm) on power and gas mixture has been measured. The similar shape of the dependence of absorption and emission signals gives evidence that the comparability of experimental conditions is sufficiently satisfied. It is concluded that the NO production rate of the APPJ in ambient air can be characterized using TDLAS and provides reliable results in spite of differing experimental conditions due to the set-up.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/41/19/194011/pdf

Absolute production rate measurements of nitric oxide by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)

Plasma-assisted removal of organic contaminants inside cavities

Summary form given only. Atmospheric plasma jets (APPJ) are attractive plasma sources for biomedical applications due to opportunity of local treatment of complicated surfaces without thermal damage of treated materials. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the chemically active molecules, which are interesting for biomedical applications and generated by APPJ. NO molecules are easily detected by optical emission spectroscopy, but it gives information only about density of excited molecules. In work Stoffels et al. (2006) a relative production of NO molecules in the ground state has been measured by means of mass spectrometry. In present work the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TOLAS) has been used to measure the absolute production rate of NO molecule in APPJ. A RF (13.6 MHz) plasma generated on the tip a of needle electrode in Ar flow (5-10 slm) with a small Air admixture (up to 1%) has been investigated. The APPJ was mounted in a Herriott multi pass cell, which was aligned for 100 m absorption length. Main results can be formulated as following: the NO production (a) does not depend on Ar flow (b) has a maximum at 0.2% of air admixture (c) shows linear growth with a power between 4 and 16 W and (d) is in the range of (0.1-70)ldr10-3 seem depending on experimental conditions.

Absolute Measurements of Nitric Oxide Production Rate in Atmospheric Plasma Jet

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Absolute production rate measurements of nitric oxide by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)

Plasma-assisted removal of organic contaminants inside cavities

Absolute Measurements of Nitric Oxide Production Rate in Atmospheric Plasma Jet