The behavior of reinforced concrete panels, or slabs, retrofitted with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite, and subjected to blast load is investigated. Eight 1000 × 1000 × 70 mm panels were made of 40 MPa concrete and reinforced with top and bottom steel meshes. Five of the panels were used as control while the remaining four were retrofitted with adhesively bonded 500 mm wide GFRP laminate strips on both faces, one in each direction parallel to the panel edges. The panels were subjected to blast loads generated by the detonation of either 22.4 kg or 33.4 kg ANFO explosive charge located at a 3-m standoff. Blast wave characteristics, including incident and reflected pressures and impulses, as well as panel central deflection and strain in steel and on concrete/FRP surfaces were measured. The post-blast damage and mode of failure of each panel was observed, and those panels that were not completely damaged by the blast were subsequently statically tested to find their residual strength. It was determined that overall the GFRP retrofitted panels performed better than the companion control panels while one retrofitted panel experienced severe damage and could not be tested statically after the blast. The latter finding is consistent with previous reports which have shown that at relatively close range the blast pressure due to nominally similar charges and standoff distance can vary significantly, thus producing different levels of damage.

/pdf/blast-loading-response-of-reinforced-concrete-panels-4ykrxuxgzt.pdf

Blast loading response of reinforced concrete panels reinforced with externally bonded GFRP laminates

Blast load assessment using hydrocodes

Security risks and probabilistic risk assessment of glazing subject to explosive blast loading

It is well known that when a blast wave strikes the face of a target, the duration of the loading, and hence the total impulse imparted to the target may be influenced by the propagation of a rarefaction, or “clearing” wave along the loaded face of the target adjacent to free edges. Simple methods of predicting the effect of clearing on reducing the blast loading impulse have been available for many years, but recent studies have questioned the accuracy and physical basis of these approaches. Consequently, several authors have used numerical modelling and/or experimental techniques to determine empirical predictive methods for the clearing effect. In fact, the problem had been addressed more than 50 years ago in a study which appears to have been since overlooked by the blast research fraternity. This article presents the results of that earlier study, and provides experimental validation. The analytical predictions are very simple to determine, and are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results.

Prediction of clearing effects in far-field blast loading of finite targets

The effects of explosive blast load variability on safety hazard and damage risks for monolithic window glazing

In the blast loading of buildings by high-explosive charges, the phenomenon of clearing has been overlooked recently-this study offers a revisit. Clearing occurs when a blast wave interacts with the facade of a building, generating a reflected overpressure. The top and sides of the building will be loaded by the lower-magnitude 'side-on' pressure and there will be a pressure difference between these surfaces. Pressure equalization occurs via clearing, with the pressure on the facade decaying rapidly. Contrastingly, for an infinitely large reflecting surface, the reduction will be slower because there will be no region of lower pressure accessible. In this experimental study, small spherical charges of plastic explosive were detonated above instrumented, rigid, circular steel plates carrying flush-mounted pressure transducers. The results are presented as graphs of peak overpressure and peak scaled impulse plotted against scaled distance and are compared with predictions from the established ConWep database. The study demonstrates how the effects of clearing are more pronounced towards the edges of the plates, particularly for the scaled impulse values. As the scaled distance increases, there is relatively little difference between the experimental and database predictions. The results reinforce the use of ConWep as a conservative design tool because it overestimates the scaled impulse.

Clearing of blast waves from building facades.

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Clearing of blast waves from building facades.