Local communities in central Brazil harvest buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) fruit from swamp forests as well as using them for agriculture and cattle and pig farming. This study describes the intensity of forest use by buriti fruit harvesters and identifies how their socioeconomic conditions influence resource use. We visited 75 swamp forests where buriti fruits are harvested and interviewed the head of the nearest household. Agriculture was practiced in 72 % of forests and cattle farming in 52 %. For almost half (48 %) of households agriculture and buriti fruit harvest were the main sources income. Forests resources were equally important to all socioeconomic classes, even richer farmers. The intensity of fruit harvest did not differ between collective and private use regimes of forests. Market access was a limitation to fruit harvest intensity. The high intensity of swamp forest use suggests that their conservation will require change to current management practices.

Effects of Socioeconomic Conditions on Multiple Uses of Swamp Forests in Central Brazil

This report discusses the influences of retarder torque and power on downhill speed control, brake wear, and directional control on slippery surfaces. It presents (1) a "Retardation Prediction Procedure" for calculating the equilibrium speeds (control speeds) attainable by vehicle-retarder combinations when operating on various levels of downgrade, (2) a methodology for predicting the savings in brake wear occurring in service on specified vehicle routes, when a retarder is employed, and (3) a simplified method for estimating those operating conditions that can cause directional control problems, if retarder torque is applied while the vehicle is travelling on a slippery surface. In support of the analytical methods described herein, the report contains descriptions of (a) dynamometer testing performed to investigate brake wear and (b) vehicle tests performed to assess a driver's ability to maintain directional control during retardation on wet and icy surfaces.

Retarders for heavy vehicles: phase III experimentation and analysis; performance, brake savings, and vehicle stability. Final report

FERREIRA, T. A. Numerical and experimental evaluation of a Supermileage competition vehicle. 2011. 205 f. M. Sc. Thesis – Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. Among the many competitions in which students are challenged to build up prototypes with specific purposes there, is one in which the goal is to design a car to carry one person and make it go as long as it can with one liter of fuel. One of the factors that contribute for fuel consumption is the aerodynamic resistance, so to predict its effects is essential for a good design. In this context, the present work had as goals the numerical and experimental evaluation of flow around a Supermileage vehicle and to calculate its drag and lift coefficients in these both ways. It was also studied the sensitivity of these forces to Reynolds number and, in the virtual case, to turbulence models. Thanks to simulation results it was verified that the front part of the model is responsible for great part of drag and negative lift. The drag coefficients fell with the increase of Reynolds number in both numerical and experimental tests. In a comparison of turbulence models comparison, k- and k- in their standard forms presented higher CD values than the other models. Experimental CD results showed the same tendency of numerical ones, and were closer to standard k-, although it was believed that a negative angle of attack due to experimental assembly issues has made for a higher experimental CD. Lift coefficients values fell with the increase of Reynolds number in virtual analysis and grew in experimental tests. In the simulations it was observed that the high velocity between the two front wheels, due to the short distance between the vehicle and the ground, is responsible for a large portion of the negative lift. Owing to assembly issues it was not possible to reproduce this ground effect on experimental tests. Flow visualization results presented good agreement between experimental and numerical testing.

/pdf/avaliacao-numerica-e-experimental-de-um-veiculo-de-1qgjwrjxhu.pdf

Avaliação numérica e experimental de um veículo de competição de milhagem.

Palm communities in the Krahò indigenous territory, Tocantins, Brazil: biodiversity and ethnobotanical features.

Brazil, according to the National Transport Confederation (CNT), is possessor of 1,581,105 km of national, sate or local highways, a number well above the 44,000 km of waterway (of which only 19,000 are used economically) or the 29,637 km of railroad. While these figures show the extent of road transport, other figures show it as the the main mean of freight transportation in the country by having greater than 60% participation in TKUs (product tonnes per km) transported, well ahead of the rail, placed in second, possessor of participation below 21% . An analysis of the effect of fuel used in this transport shows strong participation in the final cost of operations and air emissions that are harmful to health and to the environment. The minimization of this consumption involves reducing the force resistance to movement, in which the drag has significant percentage. In recent decades, the use of computational tools for aerodynamic analyzis has become increasingly common since the new computational resourcess allow simulations that are more faithful to the results found experimentally. The objective of this study is to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of air deflectors for road freight vehicles and compute the reduction in fuel consumption caused by its installation. For this purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods in two dimensions are applied in order to calculate the reduction of drag forces and a method to calculate the reduction of fuel consumption is developed. In the present study it’s possible to identify a high dependence of efficiency of the air deflector in relation to its geometry. Different devices were evaluated at speeds up to 80 km / h and a fuel saving up to 25% was reached.

/pdf/analise-de-desempenho-aerodinamico-de-defletores-de-ar-para-s56xov30rl.pdf

Análise de desempenho aerodinâmico de defletores de ar para veículos de carga rodoviários via CFD

The last chapter of each book in the collection presents the perspectives, opportunities and technological challenges posed by each SDG. The analysis of these technological challenges and the set of existing contributions per dimension also highlights the institutional challenges that Embrapa and similar institutions need to address by 2030.

Challenges and opportunities for Embrapa.

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Palm communities in the Krahò indigenous territory, Tocantins, Brazil: biodiversity and ethnobotanical features.

Análise de desempenho aerodinâmico de defletores de ar para veículos de carga rodoviários via CFD

Challenges and opportunities for Embrapa.