Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is caused by obstructions of the upper airway, is a syndrome with rising prevalence. Mandibular advancement splints (MAS) are oral appliances for potential treatment of OSA. This work proposes a highly-sensitive pressure sensing array integrated with a system-on-chip (SoC) embedded in a MAS. The device aims to measure tongue pressure distribution in order to determine the efficacy of the MAS for treating OSA. The flexible sensing array consists of an interdigital electrode pair array assembled with conductive polymer films and an SoC capable of retrieving/storing data during sleep, and transmitting data for analysis after sleep monitoring. The surfaces of the conductive polymer films were patterned with microdomed structures, which effectively increased the sensitivity and reduced the pressure sensing response time. The measured results also show that the crosstalk effect between the sensing elements of the array was negligible. The sensitivity of the sensing array changed minimally after the device was submerged in water for up to 100 h.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/9/7/352/pdf

Tongue Pressure Sensing Array Integrated with a System-on-Chip Embedded in a Mandibular Advancement Splint.

We report a variable-reluctance based wireless sensing module to measure intraoral pressure for clinical orthodontic treatment. The wireless sensing module consists of two parts; first is a set of coils, i.e., a transmitting and a receiving coil and second is a variable- reluctance based pressure sensor. The coils are placed in a concentric arrangement at a certain distance from the sensor. An AC voltage is applied to the transmitting coil to produce AC magnetic flux and by electromagnetic-induction, an AC voltage is induced in the receiving coil. When the pressure inside the pressure chamber changes, the diaphragm of the sensor deflects towards or away from the coils, resulting in change of air-gap between the same. This causes the magnetic reluctance between the diaphragm and the receiving coil to change. Consequently, the output voltage of receiving coil is changed. Based on above principle, we fabricated above parts and conducted pressure sensing test. According to our results, the pressure can be successfully sensed. The pressure sensitivities of 3.62 µV/mbar and 2.66 µV/mbar is measured when the gap between the coils and the sensor is 10 mm and 20 mm respectively. Furthermore, to validate the viability that the pressure can be sensed in different regions inside the mouth, the sensor is placed on an inclined tooth and pressure sensing test is performed. For this case, the pressure sensitivities of 1.23 µV/mbar and 1.48 µV/mbar is measured when the gap between the coils and the sensor is 10 mm and 20 mm respectively.

A Variable-Reluctance Based Wireless Sensing Module for Intraoral Pressure Measurement

Implantable microdevices, providing accurate measurement of target analytes in animals and humans, have always been important in biological science, medical diagnostics, clinical therapy, and personal healthcare [...]

/pdf/editorial-for-the-special-issue-on-implantable-microdevices-2ne4r0y4h6.pdf

Editorial for the Special Issue on Implantable Microdevices.

To reproduce the tactile perception of multiple contacts on the human tongue surface, it is necessary to use a pressure measurement device with high spatial resolution. However, reducing the size of the array sensing unit and optimizing the lead arrangement still pose challenges. This article describes a deconvolution neural network (DNN) for improving the resolution of tongue surface tactile imaging, which alleviates this tradeoff between tactile sensing performance and hardware simplicity. The model can work without high-resolution tactile imaging data of tongue surface: First, in the compression test using artificial tongues, the tactile image matrix (7 × 7) with low resolution can be acquired by sensor array with a sparse electrode arrangement. Then, through finite element analysis modeling, combined with the distribution rule of additional stress on the two-dimensional plane, the pressure data around the existing detection points are calculated, further expanding the tactile image matrix data amount. Finally, the DNN, based on its efficient nonlinear reconstruction attributes, uses the low-resolution and high-resolution tactile imaging matrix generated by compression test and finite element simulation, respectively, to train, and outputs high-resolution tactile imaging information (13 × 13) closer to the tactile perception of the tongue surface. The results show that the overall accuracy of the tactile image matrix calculated by this model is above 88%. Then, we deduced the spatial difference graph of the resilience index of the three kinds of ham sausages through the high-resolution tactile imaging matrix.

Resolution enhancement of tongue tactile image based on deconvolution neural network.

Abstract Purpose The goal of this review is to provide sleep physicians, dentists, and researchers with an evidence-based overview of the literature on smart mandibular advancement devices (MADs) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted by two blinded reviewers and an information specialist. A smart MAD was defined as any MAD with additional functionality besides mandibular protrusion. The bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, and Scopus were used to identify relevant publications. Studies were included if they described any stage of development of smart MADs. A total of 3162 titles and abstracts were screened for their relevance. In total, 58 articles were selected for full-text screening, 26 of which were included in this review. Results The overall quality of the available literature was low. Most of the studies were observational, clinical or applied-research articles. The authors classified MADs into two main groups: passive and active. Passive MADs measured patient data, most commonly patient compliance. Active MADs adjusted protrusion of the mandible in response to patient data and were found in various phases of technological readiness (in development, demonstration, or deployment). Conclusion Innovations in smart mandibular advancement devices most frequently track patient compliance. Devices measuring other health parameters and active, feedback-controlled, devices are increasingly reported on. However, studies demonstrating their added benefit over traditional methods remain sparse. With further study, smart mandibular advancement devices have the potential to improve the efficiency of obstructive sleep apnea treatment and provide new treatment possibilities. 

pdf/smart-mandibular-advancement-devices-for-obstructive-sleep-59p440zfqx.pdf

Smart mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic literature review

In this work, a mandibular advancement device integrated with a highly-sensitive pressure sensing array and a system-on-a-chip (SoC) is presented. The device is designed for monitoring the tongue pressure distributions of patients for treating orofacial disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and snoring. The pressure sensing array consists of a conductive polymer assembled with interdigital electrodes, and the SoC chip possesses the capabilities of array scanning and RF transmission. Microdome structures were patterned on the conductive polymer for enhancing the sensitivity of pressure sensing. The proposed device exhibit excellent sensitivity and rapid response. The pressure patterns induced by the tongue positions before and after the tongue drop during sleep were also presented.

A mandibular advancement device embedded with polymer-based tunneling piezoresistive pressure sensing array

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Tongue Pressure Sensing Array Integrated with a System-on-Chip Embedded in a Mandibular Advancement Splint.

A mandibular advancement device embedded with polymer-based tunneling piezoresistive pressure sensing array