http://nuclearmasses.org/resources_folder/Blaum_06.pdf

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ions

The mass of an atom incorporates all its constituents and their interactions. The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of its building blocks (the binding energy) is a manifestation of Einstein's famous relation E = mc(2). The binding energy determines the energy available for nuclear reactions and decays (and thus the creation of elements by stellar nucleosynthesis), and holds the key to the fundamental question of how heavy the elements can be. Superheavy elements have been observed in challenging production experiments, but our present knowledge of the binding energy of these nuclides is based only on the detection of their decay products. The reconstruction from extended decay chains introduces uncertainties that render the interpretation difficult. Here we report direct mass measurements of trans-uranium nuclides. Located at the farthest tip of the actinide species on the proton number-neutron number diagram, these nuclides represent the gateway to the predicted island of stability. In particular, we have determined the mass values of (252-254)No (atomic number 102) with the Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP. The uncertainties are of the order of 10 keV/c(2) (representing a relative precision of 0.05 p.p.m.), despite minute production rates of less than one atom per second. Our experiments advance direct mass measurements by ten atomic numbers with no loss in accuracy, and provide reliable anchor points en route to the island of stability.

Direct mass measurements above uranium bridge the gap to the island of stability

High-precision mass measurements of more than 30 neutron-rich nuclides around the Z=28 closed proton shell were performed with the triple-trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP at ISOLDE/CERN to address the question of a possible neutron shell closure at N=40. The results for {sup 57,60,64-69}Ni (Z=28), {sup 65-74,76}Cu (Z=29), and {sup 63-65,68-78}Ga (Z=31) have a relative uncertainty of the order of 10{sup -8}. In particular, the mass of {sup 76}Cu was measured for the first time. We analyze the resulting mass surface for signs of magicity, comparing the behavior of N=40 with that of known magic numbers and with midshell behavior. While the classic indications from the mass surface show no evidence for a shell closure at N=40, there is evidence for a weak--and very localized--effect for Z=28, consistent with findings from nuclear spectroscopy studies.

/pdf/high-precision-mass-measurements-of-nickel-copper-and-3pi3pmbpaq.pdf

High-precision mass measurements of nickel, copper, and gallium isotopes and the purported shell closure at N=40

Measurements of the ground-state nuclear spins and magnetic and quadrupole moments of the copper isotopes from $^{61}\mathrm{Cu}$ up to $^{75}\mathrm{Cu}$ are reported. The experiments were performed at the CERN online isotope mass separator (ISOLDE) facility, using the technique of collinear laser spectroscopy. The trend in the magnetic moments between the $N=28$ and $N=50$ shell closures is reasonably reproduced by large-scale shell-model calculations starting from a $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ core. The quadrupole moments reveal a strong polarization of the underlying Ni core when the neutron shell is opened, which is, however, strongly reduced at $N=40$ due to the parity change between the $\mathit{pf}$ and $g$ orbits. No enhanced core polarization is seen beyond $N=40$. Deviations between measured and calculated moments are attributed to the softness of the $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ core and weakening of the $Z=28$ and $N=28$ shell gaps.

/pdf/nuclear-spins-magnetic-moments-and-quadrupole-moments-of-cu-4o2h040e6i.pdf

Nuclear spins, magnetic moments, and quadrupole moments of Cu isotopes from N=28 to N=46: Probes for core polarization effects

High-precision mass measurements on neutron-rich zinc isotopes (71m,72-81)Zn have been performed with the Penning trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP. For the first time, the mass of 81Zn has been experimentally determined. This makes 80Zn the first of the few major waiting points along the path of the astrophysical rapid neutron-capture process where neutron-separation energy and neutron-capture Q-value are determined experimentally. The astrophysical conditions required for this waiting point and its associated abundance signatures to occur in r-process models can now be mapped precisely. The measurements also confirm the robustness of the N=50 shell closure for Z=30.

Mass measurements beyond the major r-process waiting point 80Zn.

Using resonant laser ionization, beta-decay studies, and for the first time mass measurements, three beta-decaying states have been unambiguously identified in 70Cu. A mass excess of -62 976.1(1.6) keV and a half-life of 44.5(2) s for the (6-) ground state have been determined. The level energies of the (3-) isomer at 101.1(3) keV with T(1/2)=33(2) s and the 1+ isomer at 242.4(3) keV with T(1/2)=6.6(2) s are confirmed by high-precision mass measurements. The low-lying levels of 70Cu populated in the decay of 70Ni and in transfer reactions compare well with large-scale shell-model calculations, and the wave functions appear to be dominated by one proton-one neutron configurations outside the closed Z=28 shell and N=40 subshell. This does not apply to the 1+ state at 1980 keV which exhibits a particular feeding and deexcitation pattern not reproduced by the shell-model calculations.

/pdf/unambiguous-identification-of-three-s-decaying-isomers-in-cu-3gs9f4jcxi.pdf

Unambiguous Identification of Three ß-Decaying Isomers in Cu-70

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Unambiguous Identification of Three ß-Decaying Isomers in Cu-70