Combining Reclaimed PET with Bio-based Monomers Enables Plastics Upcycling

A review on catalytic synthesis of energy rich fuel additive levulinate compounds from biomass derived levulinic acid

Sustainable production of levulinic acid and its derivatives for fuel additives and chemicals: progress, challenges, and prospects

cis,cis-Muconic acid is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that can be produced in high yields via biological conversion of sugars and lignin-derived aromatic compounds. Muconic acid is often targeted as an intermediate to direct replacement monomers such as adipic or terephthalic acid. However, the alkene groups in muconic acid provide incentive for its direct use in polymers, for example, in the synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins. Here, biologically derived muconic acid is incorporated into polyesters via condensation polymerization using the homologous series of poly(ethylene succinate), poly(propylene succinate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(hexylene succinate). Additionally, dimethyl cis,cis-muconate is synthesized and subsequently incorporated into poly(butylene succinate). NMR measurements demonstrate that alkene bonds are present in the polymer backbones. In all cases, the glass transition temperatures are increased whereas the melting and degradation temperatures are decreased. In the ...

Renewable Unsaturated Polyesters from Muconic Acid

Levulinic acid: a sustainable platform chemical for novel polymer architectures

Toward replacement of styrene by bio-based methacrylates in unsaturated polyester resins

Biobased vinyl levulinate as styrene replacement for unsaturated polyester resins

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Toward replacement of styrene by bio-based methacrylates in unsaturated polyester resins

Biobased vinyl levulinate as styrene replacement for unsaturated polyester resins