Soil Chemical Analysis

Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants

The green Se NPs (selenium nanoparticles) are formed by simple mixing of Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) leaves extract and selenious acid (H2SeO3) solution. This mixture was stirred which gave a dispersion of Se NPs conjugated with W. somnifera secondary metabolites. The work was focused to determine the phytochemical analysis of leaves extract, green synthesis, its characterization and its applications. Screening analysis showed enormous phytoconstituents in leaves aqueous extract and simultaneously, the synthesized Se NPs by FT-IR spectrum confirm the presence of functional groups which were associated with bioactive molecules. The total flavonoid, phenolic and tannin contents in the aqueous extract were found to be 12.74, 40.54, and 156.33 μg/mg respectively. The suspension solution confirms the formation of Se NPs showed (310 nm) by UV analysis. X-ray diffraction study exhibits the amorphous nature of Se NPs. Se NPs were spherical in shape within the diameter range of 45–90 nm by FE-SEM. The intense, narrow width of selenium has high purity and was identified using EDX. The TEM analysis exhibited the amorphous nature of particles. Green synthesized Se NPs were found to possess significant antioxidant activity (IC50 – 14.81 μg/mg) and considerable antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis (12 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.66 mm). Antiproliferative effects of Se NPs possess great growth control against A549 cells (IC50 at 25 μg/ml). Se NPs exhibit efficient methylene blue (MB) dye degradation in the presence of sunlight. The present results support the advantages of green method for the production of Se NPs having potential activities. • Withania somnifera leaves extract possesses active phytoconstituents and acts as reducing agents for the preparation of Se NPs and the capping by the phytoconstituents providing stability to Se NPs as evident from FT-IR studies. • The green synthesized metal nanoparticle has emerged at low cost, simpler and better choice than physical and chemical methods. • Green synthesized Se NPs were found to be almost spherical in shape with particle size around 40–90 nm, selenium has high purity and crystalline nature was identified using EDX and XRD. • The DPPH scavenging analysis of the amorphous Se NPs has significant antioxidant activity and serves as a potential antibacterial agent to treat diseases caused by bacteria. • Antiproliferative activity results suggest that Se NPs possess higher growth control against A549 lung carcinoma cancer cells (IC50 at 25 μg/ml) which indicated their potential in medical applications. • The photocatalytic study concludes that these Se NPs have efficiency to degrade MB under sunlight irradiation. Therefore, they can find application in water treatment plants and textile industries.

/pdf/green-synthesis-of-selenium-nanoparticle-using-leaves-2x8u621bdd.pdf

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticle Using Leaves Extract of Withania somnifera and Its Biological Applications and Photocatalytic Activities

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one among the most common priority areas identified by both national and international agencies, is mushrooming as a silent pandemic. The advancement in public health care through introduction of antibiotics against infectious agents is now being threatened by global development of multidrug-resistant strains. These strains are product of both continuous evolution and un-checked antimicrobial usage (AMU). Though antibiotic application in livestock has largely contributed toward health and productivity, it has also played significant role in evolution of resistant strains. Although, a significant emphasis has been given to AMR in humans, trends in animals, on other hand, are not much emphasized. Dairy farming involves surplus use of antibiotics as prophylactic and growth promoting agents. This non-therapeutic application of antibiotics, their dosage, and withdrawal period needs to be re-evaluated and rationally defined. A dairy animal also poses a serious risk of transmission of resistant strains to humans and environment. Outlining the scope of the problem is necessary for formulating and monitoring an active response to AMR. Effective and commendably connected surveillance programs at multidisciplinary level can contribute to better understand and minimize the emergence of resistance. Besides, it requires a renewed emphasis on investments into research for finding alternate, safe, cost effective, and innovative strategies, parallel to discovery of new antibiotics. Nevertheless, numerous direct or indirect novel approaches based on host-microbial interaction and molecular mechanisms of pathogens are also being developed and corroborated by researchers to combat the threat of resistance. This review places a concerted effort to club the current outline of AMU and AMR in dairy animals; ongoing global surveillance and monitoring programs; its impact at animal human interface; and strategies for combating resistance with an extensive overview on possible alternates to current day antibiotics that could be implemented in livestock sector.

/pdf/antimicrobial-resistance-its-surveillance-impact-and-4lcxciccgb.pdf

Antimicrobial Resistance: Its Surveillance, Impact, and Alternative Management Strategies in Dairy Animals.

Background
The present study focused on a simple and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with multipurpose anticancer and antimicrobial activities.

/pdf/green-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-using-pimpinella-3zscgcxc60.pdf

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pimpinella anisum seeds: Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity on human neonatal skin stromal cells and colon cancer cells

An ethnobotanical study of veterinary medicinal plants of Nawarangpur District of Odisha was conducted during 2000 to 2004 in order to generate ethno veterinary data. Ethno botanical uses of 48 plants belonging to 31 families have been documented in the present study for their interesting therapeutic properties for various veterinary ailments such as Constipation, Cough and Cold, Diarrhoea, Lactation, Foot and Mouth Disease, Flatulence, Appetizer, Neck Swelling. Leaves (33%) followed by whole plant, bark and latex were most frequently used plant parts for ethno veterinary medicine. Usually fresh materials were used for medicinal preparation. The most frequently used routes of drug administration have been oral followed by dermal. Our study suggest that, documenting the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge can be used for conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in the area and for validation of these plant preparations for veterinary treatment.

Plants used in ethno-veterinary medicine by native people of nawarangpur district, odisha, india

The present study evaluates the possible effect of potentised homeopathic medicine, Arsenicum album and Baryta carbonica on germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of pea seedlings ( Pisum sativum L .). The seedlings of pea were treated with three different centesimal potencies (8CH, 32CH, 202CH) of both the medicine. With the increase in potency, the morphological parameters viz. length of plumule and radical increased. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotinoids, and pheophytin) also showed the similar result. Hence, a stimulating effect was observed on growth as well as photosynthetic activity at the higher potency as compared to untreated one even after the dilution of drug beyond the Avogadro’s number.

/pdf/effects-of-potentised-homeopathic-medicines-on-the-362yhc11di.pdf

Effects of potentised homeopathic medicines on the germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of Pisum sativum L.

Mangroves are one of the most biologically important and productive ecosystems in the world. Heavy metals are known to pose a potential threat to terrestrial and aquatic biota. However, little is known on the toxic levels of heavy metals found in mangrove plants in India. To understand heavy metal toxicity, we analyzed heavy metals accumulation in sediment samples collected from surrounding root zone and in the leaves and stem of sixteen different plant species in the Bhitarkanika mangrove forest reserve in Odisha, India. Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem receives heavy metal pollution from upstream areas of Brahmani and Baitarani estuary. Few studies were carried about the capacity of mangrove plants to take up and store heavy metals in them. Hence, current investigation was carried out to analyze trace metal accumulation in sediment and plant parts such as stems and leaves of different mangrove plants by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (Shimadzu, AA- 6300). The heavy metal concentration in sediment was found to be in the range of 5.99 to 92.00 µg/gm. Metals concentration in sediment samples during the study was in the order of accumulation : Zn>Cu>Pb. The accumulation of heavy metal was higher in stem as compared to leaf.

An assessment of heavy metal accumulation in mangrove species of Bhitarkanika, Odisha, India.

Leaf and stem extracts of Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer., were screened for antimicrobial activity using different organic solvents such as methanol, chloroform and water against fourteen bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella typhii, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexineri, Shigella boydic, Pseudomonas sp., Enterococcus sp., Enterobacter aeurogens, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violecum, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp., and six fungal pathogens such as Asperigillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Candida sp., Rhizopus sp., and Sclerotium sp. It was observed that the methanolic extracts of both leaf and stem showed maximum inhibitory response against all the test pathogens which are known to be associated with Urinary Tract Infections. Maximum antibacterial activity was found in methanolic extract against S. aureus (34.1mm). Maximum antifungal activity was observed against Candida and Rhizopus sp. showing a clearance zone of inhibition of 26.2 and 30.1 mm, respectively. A control and standard set of experiment was also carried out with the standard antibiotic discs. From the result, it was concluded that both parts of the plant was found to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties apart from numerous ethno medicinal uses. Hence, efforts should be made for detail investigation on pharmacological aspects and clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of the potent drug.

IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF LEAF AND STEM EXTRACTS OF VITEX PEDUNCULARIS WALL. EX SCHAUER Research Article

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using a native ornamental plant, Mesua ferrea L. as phytostabilizer for chromium ore tailings (COT) and to assess the metal accumulation capacity. Different ratios of soil and COT were taken in pots and sowed with seeds of M. ferrea. Plants were harvested at various intervals and separated into roots and shoots for analysis of metal concentrations and physiological characteristics of the plants. The study revealed that the plant has great tolerance and stronger ability to accumulate Cr. The results suggested an increase in growth, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities, as well as metal accumulation capacity of M. ferrea with increasing proportion of COT in the soil. This indicates the plant's efficiency to overcome any stress generated due to excess of chromium as well as other heavy metals. The order of accumulation of heavy metals was observed to be Fe>Cr>Ni>Cd>Co. The accumulation of Cr was higher in root compared to...

Effects of Chromium Ore Tailings on Growth and Physiological Activities of Mesua ferrea L.

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