BACKGROUND: There are facilities established around the world for treating passenger flight anxiety, often as a joint activity of airlines and private entrepreneurs or mental health professionals. In the scientific and professional literature, there is little information about how these facilities operate and what the components of their treatment programs are. This paper is the first review to date to provide this information. METHOD: There were 212 airlines and treatment facilities approached for information on treatment programs for flying phobia, 43 of which were active in this field. Extensive information could be obtained from 15, which were the best known and well-developed. Information was collected both with a questionnaire and by meeting representatives from 15 international fear of flying treatment facilities that participated in the First International Conference on Fear of Flying (Feb. 1996). RESULTS: Fear of flying among passengers is a phenomenon with epidemic proportions, effecting roughly 10-40% of the adult population. All treatment programs share two basic elements, an information component and a test flight. The programs vary considerably in terms of treatment components. However, there is little available information on efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: To date there is a wide variety between facilities for the treatment for fear of flying in terms of methods and protocols used. Experts agree on the clear-cut need for standardization of a "best" minimum protocol for fear of flying treatment programs for which the main components where identified. Language: en

Fear of flying treatment programs for passengers: an international review.

The psychology of fear of flying (part II): a critical evaluation of current perspectives on approaches to treatment.

http://www.vu-ams.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/Busscher.pdf

Anxiety sensitivity moderates the relationship of changes in physiological arousal with flight anxiety during in vivo exposure therapy.

The effect of propranolol was studied on 23 dental phobics in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving actual dental treatment. The subjects were selected because they showed high physiological reactivity in the dental situation. Twelve subjects received the test drug and 11 subjects received the placebo at individualized doses of either 80 or 120 mg. A significant difference in self-reported anxiety at the injection phase of treatment and less overall pain intensity and aversiveness were observed for the propranolol as compared with the placebo group. No differences were detected for behavior ratings. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may have utility for reducing anxiety in individuals fearful of dental treatment.

Effect of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent on dental anxiety.

Platelet catecholamine content may reflect integrated plasma catecholamine concentrations over time. The present study aimed at examining sympathetic nervous system (SNS) involvment in essential hypertension by assessing platelet noradrenaline (NA) and typically β-adrenoreceptor mediated responses to adrenaline (A) infusion as indices of sympathetic tone. Healthy white men were recruited by public advertising and screening (mean ± SD): Hypertensives (n = 13, sitting blood pressure [BP] 153 ± 13/106 ± 7 mmHg, age 34 ± 5 years, weight 83 ± 10 kg) were compared to normotensives (n = 13, sitting BP 114 ± 9/75 ± 9 mmHg, age 30 ± 6 years [n.s.], weight 82 ± 9 kg [n.s.]). Loss of platelet granular contents (including NA) prior to analysis was minimized by studying young subjects (age range 20–40 years, minimal atherosclerosis), using arterial blood sampling, and processing blood immediately. These procedures resulted in plasma β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels which were not significantly different ...

Sympathetic nervous system involvement in essential hypertension: increased platelet noradrenaline coincides with decreased beta-adrenoreceptor responsiveness.

Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal effects of short-term oral treatment with beta 1-blockade (atenolol, 50 mg, administered two times) and beta 2-blockade (ICI 118,551, 50 mg, administered three times) were compared with placebo during actual flying in subjects with flight phobia (n = 34). beta 1-Blockade lowered resting blood pressure and heart rate and prevented a heart rate response but not a blood pressure response to this psychologic stress. beta 2-Blockade minimally lowered resting heart rate and prevented a heart rate response, but it failed to lower resting blood pressure or blood pressure response to the stress. Plasma epinephrine increased with all three treatments and more with beta 1-blockade than with placebo. Plasma norepinephrine decreased with administration of beta 2-blockade. Thus neither beta 1- nor beta 2-blockade prevents an increase in blood pressure during acute flight phobia stress. Increased plasma epinephrine seems to be the sympathetic variable that is closest related to this increase in blood pressure. Norepinephrine may be less consistently related to the blood pressure rise during flight phobia stress as shown by the decrease in plasma norepinephrine with administration of beta 2-blockade.

Effects of β1‐ and β2‐blockade on blood pressure and sympathetic responses to flight phobia stress

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Sverre E Kjeldsen

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Effects of β1‐ and β2‐blockade on blood pressure and sympathetic responses to flight phobia stress