Ionic liquids as green and sustainable corrosion inhibitors for metals and alloys: An overview

https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/107885/2/Hooshmand_etal_2020_GreenChem_accepted.pdf

Deep eutectic solvents: cutting-edge applications in cross-coupling reactions

With the continuous improvement of technological level, the potential of rare earth elements (REEs) called "industrial gold" in various fields has been continuously explored, and some rare earth elements are regarded as very valuable additives in the high-tech field. With the rapid development of the rare earth industry in recent years, the demand for REEs has continued to rise. Because neighboring rare earth elements have extremely similar physical and chemical properties, in industrial applications, the purity of rare earth elements has high requirements, so the separation between rare earth elements is particularly important. Over time, people have developed a variety of techniques for the separation and recovery of rare earth elements, commonly used including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, membrane separation, and adsorption, etc. At present, there are few reports on the comprehensive progress of all separation and purification technologies for a single rare earth element. This article mainly summarizes the latest developments in the separation of rare earth elements, evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various process technologies, and prospects the development prospects of rare earth element separation technologies. 

Recent advances in selective separation technologies of rare earth elements: a review

Among ionic liquids, phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PILs) are quite elegant. These categories of ionic liquids represent some merits over other types of ionic liquids such as imidazolium- and pyridinium-based ionic liquids. PILs have more thermal and chemical stability than other reported ILs. These influential characteristics connected with PILs make them as potential structures for varied applications in academic and industrial processes. In recent years, however, PILs become popular because of relatively low cost of their synthesis (the rate of phosphonium salt formation is faster than those of nitrogen-based salts, implying higher productivity and lower cost in industrial manufacturing of PILs) as well as their good thermal stability, beneficial for high-temperature operation. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have numbers of unique applications in electrochemical systems and among them, phosphonium room temperature ionic liquids (PRTILs) have been increasing for their considerable advantages such as chemical and thermal stabilities, relatively low viscosities and high conductivities when compared to the corresponding ammonium RTILs. PRTILs are yummy electrolysis solutions because of their wide electrochemical window. Determination of the electrochemical stability of the PRTILs is important for detection and application of these ionic salts as electrolytes in electrochemistry. In order to evaluate electrochemical stability of the phosphonium RTILs, various voltammetric techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and square wave voltammetry have been used. PRTILs characterized by a wide electrochemical window have been regarded as attractive candidates for lithium-battery electrolytes because of their stability and safety aspects. Contrary to what is seen in conventional organic solvents, superoxide is stable in ionic liquids. PILs are an unprecedented class of electrolytes that can support the electrochemical generation of a stable superoxide ion and can offer many advantages such as low combustibility, ionic conductivity, low volatility and a wide electrochemical window. PILs have been intensively developed as new electrolytic mediator for various electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. There is also a growing interest for their use in separation processes including metal ions extraction, extractive desulfurization, gas adsorption and dissolution or extraction of biologically relevant compounds and materials. In mentioned processes and other applications where PIL is the solvent, of particular interest are physicochemical properties (e.g., viscosity, density, surface tension, solubility, polarity and so on). Moreover, the quantum chemical method is invoked to interpret superior properties of PILs. Experimental works have also satisfied that the PILs fulfill the necessary requirement of being a good inhibitor of metal corrosion in different media because of surface active properties. Owning to special physicochemical properties, the PILs are emerging as possible candidates to improve surfactant-enhanced oil recovery methods. Because they have also shown great importance in a vast number of industrial and pharmaceutical applications, such as lubricants, electrolytes, or solvents/catalysts for organic reactions, ecotoxicity of these ILs was studied for environmental and human health risks assessments. PILs have been used as efficient solvents and/or catalysts for synthesis of various kinds of organic compounds. This review article presents an excellent puzzle that each of its pieces lead to the rational design, synthesis and applications of novel and task-specific PILs as multi-purpose materials.

Applications of phosphonium-based ionic liquids in chemical processes

Direct fabrication of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) aerogel and its composites with great thermal insulation and infrared stealth

Several ionic liquids (ILs) were tested for their suitability to synthesize the aramid polymer poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) in an attempt to diminish the dependence on the toxic N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) that is currently used in industry. The room-temperature IL 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride ([C8MIM][Cl]) showed the highest promise as, with this medium, the polycondensation reaction proceeds with a mechanism similar to how it occurs in the solvent mixture of NMP with CaCl2. With this IL, PPTA polymer with an inherent viscosity of 1.95 dL/g was obtained in a low-temperature polycondensation reaction. This is the highest reported molecular mass of PPTA to date that was obtained by polymerization in an ionic liquid. An extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and solid-state NMR spectroscopic study showed that [C8MIM][Cl] and the current industrial solvent of NMP and CaCl2 show similar characteristics when it comes to the synthesis of PPTA.

Synthesis of Poly-p-phenylene Terephthalamide (PPTA) in Ionic Liquids

1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8MIM][Cl]) shows the greatest potential to replace N-methylpyrrolidone/CaCl2 as solvent for the synthesis of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), a high-strength material when spun into a fiber. Coordinating anions are crucial to prevent precipitation of the polymer during synthesis. Additionally, the imidazolium cations play an essential role in gelation of the reaction mixture and enable the polycondensation reaction to continue in a gel state. Analysis of Kamlet–Taft parameters and Gutmann donor and acceptor numbers of ionic liquids and various solvents showed that balanced interactions between the secondary amide bonds of the polymer, anion, cation, and solvent are required to form a network of hydrogen bond interactions throughout the reaction mixture. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), containing similar Kamlet–Taft and Gutmann solvent parameters as N-methylpyrrolidone, was able to produce PPTA with an inherent vis...

Polymerization of PPTA in Ionic Liquid/Cosolvent Mixtures

The Effects of Plasma Treatments and Subsequent Atomic Layer Deposition on the Pore Structure of a k=2.0 Low-k Material

ALD Barrier Deposition on Porous Low-k Dielectric Materials for Interconnects

Wafer-to-wafer (W2W) hybrid bonding has gained more attention as the Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data machine learning (ML) applications required higher interconnect densities. This paper presents our research to demonstrated Cu/SiCN W2W hybrid bonding down to PAD Pitch 700nm. We have proven good Cu-Cu connectivity performance in both long daisy chains and kelvin resistor devices. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurement is used to analyze the pre-bonding materials properties, namely Cu PAD height, dielectric surface profile and roughness. This enables, together with good W2W hybrid bonding overlay control, high electrical yield.

700nm pitch Cu/SiCN wafer-to-wafer hybrid bonding

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