Experimental study on the protective performance of bulletproof plate and padding materials under ballistic impact

The wound ballistics literature contains several misconceptions about the physical effects of penetrating projectiles in tissue and tissue simulants. These can adversely affect the proper management of gunshot injuries, particularly in view of the ongoing threat of terrorist and criminal acts using assault rifles against civilians. The understanding of the wounding effects by military rifle bullets can be founded on the concept of energy transfer to the wound as applied to high-energy missile trauma. A substantial component of high-energy transfer in assault rifle injuries is manifested by the dynamic phenomenon of temporary cavitation, which is extensively reviewed with respect to its impact on the wound production and the associated controversy surrounding its consequences in soft tissue wounds. Part of this controversy emanates from misinterpretation of experimental data regarding the magnitude of the temporary cavity induced by high-velocity projectiles and the different conceptions of the tissue response to cavitation. The interaction between the projectile and tissue can lead to tumbling and possibly to deformation and fragmentation of the bullet, all of which strongly influence the energy transfer characteristics affecting both the temporary cavitation and the size of the permanent wound channel. Awareness of these effects can enhance perception of clinical and radiological findings suggestive of the wounding mechanism by various projectiles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Review/therapeutic, level V.

Wound ballistics of military rifle bullets: An update on controversial issues and associated misconceptions.

Penetration dynamics of steel spheres into a ballistic gelatin: Experiments, nondimensional analysis, and finite element modeling

High-entropy nitride powders are one of prerequisite materials for the preparation of high-performance high-entropy nitride ceramics. In this paper, high-entropy (HfZrTiNbTa)N powders were synthesized via nitride (i.e., silicon nitride (Si3N4)) thermal reduction with soft mechano-chemical assistance. The results show that metal oxides like hafnium dioxide (HfO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), and tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) can all be transformed into the corresponding metal nitrides in the presence of Si3N4 at 1700 ℃, and solid solution of the metal nitrides can be formed as the temperature increases to 2100 ℃. The high-entropy (HfZrTiNbTa)N powders with submicron-sized particles, a narrower size distribution, and a single face-centered cubic (fcc) structure are obtained from raw material mixtures ground for 10 h and subsequently sintered at 1800 ℃. In addition, the high-entropy bulk nitride ceramics with relative density (Rw) of 94.31%±0.76%, Vickers hardness of 21.00±0.94 GPa, and fracture toughness (KIC) of 3.18±0.16 MPa·m1/2 are obtained with submicron-sized powders, which are superior to those obtained with micron-sized powders.

https://www.sciopen.com/article_pdf/1629321659221225474.pdf

Synthesis of (HfZrTiNbTa)N powders via nitride thermal reduction with soft mechano-chemical assistance

The application of medical waterjet achieves non-rigid separation of soft tissues. The separation effect is the result of the interaction between hydrodynamic and biomechanical nonlinear responses. In this study, a non-rigid cutting model of soft tissue was established based on fracture mechanics and energy conversion processes. It can clearly explain the physical reasons for the advantages of non-rigid separation: The extremely high impact speed, which is difficult to achieve through rigid separation, makes the stress and deformation of the soft tissue smaller. The non-rigid cutting model reveals the impact mechanism of waterjet impact velocity or pressure on the static separation effect. Based on the experimental observation of the physical morphology during the interaction process and the measurement of the dynamic separation rate, imaging evidences for dynamically evaluating the separation effect were proposed. The method of adjusting the separation effect including the splashing behavior of the waterjet was verified. The research results precisely link the application requirements of precision surgery with the physical form of the interactive process, establish a physical basis for expanding the advantages of non-rigid separation of soft tissue and provide guidance for the evaluation of dynamic separation effects.

Non-rigid cutting of soft tissue: physical evidences of complex mechanical interaction process of soft materials

Introduction Penetrating wounds from explosively propelled fragments and bullets are the most common causes of combat injury. There is a requirement to assess the potential effectiveness of bullets penetrating human tissues in order to optimise preventive measures and wound trauma management. Methods An advanced voxel model based on the Chinese Visible Human data was built. A digital human vulnerability model was established in combination with wound reconstruction and vulnerability assessment rules, in which wound penetration profiles were obtained by recreating the penetration of projectiles into ballistic gelatin. An effectiveness evaluation method of bullet penetration using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) was developed and solved using the Monte Carlo sampling method. Results The effectiveness of rifle bullets was demonstrated to increase with increasing velocity in the range of 300–700 m/s. When imparting the same energy, the effectiveness of the 5.56 mm bullet was higher than the 7.62 mm bullet in this model. Conclusions The superimposition of simulant penetration profiles produced from ballistic gelatin simulant has been used to predict wound tracts in damaged tissues. The authors recognise that determining clinical effectiveness based on the AIS scores alone without verification of outcome by review of clinical hospital records means that this technique should be seen more as a manner of comparing the effectiveness of bullets than an injury prediction model.

https://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/jramc/164/3/172.full.pdf

Assessment of bullet effectiveness based on a human vulnerability model

Influence of oxygen content on structure and properties of pressurelessly sintered aluminum-nitride- and zirconium-boride-doped silicon-carbide ceramics

Influence of Different Factors on the Most Vulnerable Position of Steel - Aluminum Composite Target Plate under Constant Surface Density

Cavity dynamics in 10 wt% gelatin penetration of rifle bullet

Investigation of the Retarding Mechanism of Skin on Medium-Low Speed Projectiles in the Bionic Composite Target

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