The use of algae-based green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) for bioremediation is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional approaches. Algal-mediated synthesis offers several benefits over other biogenic processes, such as plants, bacteria, and fungi, including ease of synthesis, scalability, and rapid synthesis. Algae are readily available in nature, nontoxic, and can produce various types of metal oxide nanoparticles. This approach could significantly accelerate the development of novel algae-nanomaterials with improved properties and performance, leading to more efficient and cost-effective bioremediation of pollutants from water solutions, seawater, and industrial effluent. This review focuses on the biogenic fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles based on aquatic plants (microalgae and seaweeds) due to their many advantages and attractive applications in pollutant remediation from aqueous solutions. Additionally, photocatalysis is highlighted as a promising tool for the remediation of industrial effluents due to its efficacy, ease of use, quick oxidation, cost-effectiveness, and reduced synthesis of harmful byproducts.

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Advances in Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Marine Algae for Wastewater Treatment by Adsorption and Photocatalysis Techniques

Nanotechnology (NT) and nanoparticles (NPs) have left a huge impact on every field of science today, but they have shown tremendous importance in the fields of cosmetics and environmental cleanup. NPs with photocatalytic effects have shown positive responses in wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and the biomedical field. The chemically synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) utilize hazardous chemicals to obtain the desired-shaped TiO2. So, microbial-based synthesis of TiO2 NPs has gained popularity due to its eco-friendly nature, biocompatibility, etc. Being NPs, TiO2 NPs have a high surface area-to-volume ratio in addition to their photocatalytic degradation nature. In the present review, the authors have emphasized the microbial (algae, bacterial, fungi, and virus-mediated) synthesis of TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, authors have exhibited the importance of TiO2 NPs in the food sector, automobile, aerospace, medical, and environmental cleanup.

Microbial synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their importance in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial activities: a review

Abstract Increasing concern about environmental pollution attracts researchers to develop eco-friendly, low-cost, and sustainable approaches for green biosynthesis of nanoparticles to overcome pollutants. This study focuses on the green synthesis of ceria NPs using Spirulina platensis extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent. Characterization measurements, such as optical properties, X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy, confirmed the successful synthesis of crystalline and stable ceria NPs with well-defined morphological features. The calculated bandgaps energy of pure ceria, green CeO 2 @Sp 2:1, and CeO 2 @Sp 1:1 were 3.3, 3.15, and 2.94 eV, respectively. The as-synthesized and green ceria NPs showed an excellent degradation efficacy of MB dye under UV irradiation. Furthermore, the green ceria NPs showed high photodegradation efficiency of MB dye (R% = 86.2 and 88.8%) than pure ceria (R% = 76.4%) at certain specific conditions (pH = 11, contact time = 90 min, catalyst dose = 0.3 g/L and MB dye initial concentration = 100 mg/L). The isothermal constants confirmed that the degradation of MB dye is well-fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model (R 2 &gt; 0.99) better than the Langmuir model (R 2 &lt; 0.8). The kinetics models revealed a rapid degradation rate of MB dye, which follows pseudo-second-order models with C e values ranging from 83.33 to 89.29 mg/g, with R 2 &gt; 0.99. These results indicated the potential applicability and promising avenue for developing advanced ceria NPs for wastewater treatment applications. 

Characterization and photodegradation of methylene blue dye using bio-synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles with Spirulina platensis extract

Based on the up-to-date knowledge we critically discuss the current understanding of the influence of the compounds secreted by phytoplankton species on the fate of metal-containing engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in aquatic settings. Different biomolecules, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and exometabolites play important, yet to elucidate, role in the dissolution, colloidal stability, transformations and biouptake of the ENPs and thus shape their behavior within the phycosphere. Phytoplankton secretions can also mediate the synthesis of ENPs from dissolved ions by reducing the metals ions and capping the newly formed ENPs. However, the environmental significance of this process remains to be demonstrated. Exposure to ENPs triggers changes in the secretion of the biomolecules. An improved understanding of the regulatory mechanism and exometabolite changes due to ENP exposure is essential for deciphering the ENPs-phytoplankton interactions. Unveiling the significance of secreted biomolecules in modulating the behavior of the metal-containing ENPs is central for understudying the phytoplankton-ENPs feedbacks, drivers of transformations of ENPs and their mechanisms in the aquatic environment.

Unraveling the impact of phytoplankton secretions on the behavior of metal-containing engineered nanoparticles in aquatic environment

Microbial nanotechnology includes the synthesis and/or functionalization of various types of nanoparticles using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. Microbial nanotechnology provides an easy, reliable and eco-friendly method for nanoparticle synthesis which has tremendous applications in different fields such as agriculture, biomedicines, the food industry, the environment, and electronics. While considering the agricultural aspects, the environmental changes have dramatically impacted crop production globally. Abiotic (drought, heat, salinity, heavy metals, cold, UV-radiations) and biotic stress factors (bacteria, fungi, parasites, weeds, insects) are negatively affecting crop growth and development. Nanotechnologies are looked upon as a potent tool for crop improvements targeted at yield enhancements and stress-tolerance. Microbially synthesized nanoparticles have been reported to alleviate the stress impacts and promote plant growth under stress conditions. Different types of nanoparticles including carbon-based, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized with the help of microbial resources are being successfully explored for conferring stress tolerance in crop plants, or in developing stress-smart crops that can withstand stressful conditions without much yield penalties. The current review focuses on the current understandings and updates on biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms and their resources. Success stories on exploring the microbial nanotechnological approaches and associated advantages for increasing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and thus producing stress-smart crops. 

Microbial Nanotechnology for Producing Stress Smart Crops

An investigation of green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis algae extract was undertaken in the Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Institute, Mettupalayam. The nanoparticles formation, particle size, exterior morphology and shape of synthesized TiO 2 NPs were analyzed through UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. The results showed that the absorbance spectra of synthesized NPs were observed at 300nm. X-Ray diffraction analysis revealed that the formation of good crystalline TiO 2 NPs with anatase phase. The synthesised NPs were in spherical shape and dispersed irregularly. The green synthesised of TiO 2 NPs is a simple approach, inexpensive and eco-friendly process which having potential applications in various fields.

/pdf/synthesis-of-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-using-spirulina-1q6eullm.pdf

Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis algae extract

A nursery is an area under supervision and designed to provide suitable conditions for juvenile cuttings until they are ready for main field transplantation. The main objective of all nurseries is to generate high quality saplings in sufficient numbers to satisfy the user needs. The present study was conducted to examine the economic viability of the nursery adopting both traditional and modern techniques like Mini clonal Technology of mulberry saplings generation. Analysis of various economic tools have shown that mulberry nurseries using mini clonal technology have an edge over traditional method of propagation. Economic tools used during study include net income and benefit cost ratio. The study showed that initial capital investment for mini clonal nurseries is high compared to traditional nurseries which can be recovered. The economic analysis revealed that entrepreneur involved in nursery business have obtained gross income of Rs.2,56,000/- using traditional technology and gross income of Rs.4,60,800/- using mini clonal technology. The net income of traditional nurseries and clonal nurseries are Rs.1,50,890/- and Rs.2,62,750/- (for first harvest) & Rs.3,18,270/- (from second harvest) respectively. The capital investment on clonal mulberry nurseries is highly viable due to high B:C ratio of 1:2.32 (for first harvest) & 1:3.23 (from second harvest) followed by traditional nurseries having B:C ratio of 1:2.43 is also considerably viable. 

The economics of commercial mulberry saplings production using mini clonal technology over conventional method

An experiment was carried out to compare yield attributes ofapical cuttings developed using Mini-clonal technology of variety V1 along with the regular stem cuttings. Both apical and stem cutting plants were evaluated under field conditions at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu. In this study, yield parameters like fresh leaf weight (g), no of branches (no’s per plant), no of leaves (no’s per plant) and plant yield (g) were evaluated. The results clearly indicates superior performance was noticed in V1 apical cuttings, treatment 60DAP-AC (V1) mini clones recorded yield attributes like fresh leaf weight (5.33 g), no of branches (2.92 no’s) per plant, no of leaves (49.23 no’s) per plant and plant yield (103.98g) better than stem cuttingsfresh leaf weight (4.94 g), no of branches (2.56 no’s) per plant, no of leaves (41.85 no’s) per plant and plant yield (89.14 g).Evaluating yield traits under primary field conditions in relation to various transplantation days was the primary goal of the study 

Influence of Different Transplanting days on Yield attributes of Mini clones under Field Conditions for Morus indica (V1)

The mulberry (Morus spp.) plant holds significant value in the sericulture industry, as its foliage serves as a vital source of food for the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). A research study was undertaken to figure out which mulberry variety V1 and MR2 propagated both by stem cuttings and apical cuttings was best performed locally. The investigation was based on biochemical composition including leaf moisture, moisture retention capacity, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, soluble protein, total carbohydrates, crude protein, total sugar content present in mulberry leaves. The nutritional status of different mulberry varieties is determined by its biochemical composition present. The findings showed that the mulberry mini-clones 60DAP-AC (V1) and 60DAP-AC (MR2) have registered enhanced nutritional parameters than 90DAP-SC (V1) and 90DAP-SC (MR2) and were therefore best suited for raising silkworms to obtain good cocoon parameters.

A Comparative Biochemical Study of Mulberry (Morus spp.) Mini Clones Over Conventional Stem Cuttings

The two tree type, mulberry V1 and G4, were examined in the investigations for the impact of various spacing on growth and yield metrics. The results show that spacing has an impact on how mulberries grow. Among the different spacings, 6 ft x 6 ft had the highest single shoot length (133.10 cm), minimum internodal length (3.95 cm), length of the longest shoot (128.47 cm), total shoot length (1267.18 cm), physiological attribute like leaf area (137.75 cm2), and yield attributes like single leaf weight of 5.35 g, weight of 100 leaves (518.50 g), number of leaves per shoot (61.75), and leaf yield per plant (3.00 kg). The cultivation of tree-type mulberries is particularly adaptable to a 6' x 6' spacing.

/pdf/evaluation-of-different-spacing-for-growth-and-yield-1ppk8fsg.pdf

Evaluation of Different Spacing For Growth and Yield Contributing Characters of Tree Type Mulberry

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