https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/28194/1/Commission%20Interpersonal%20violence%20revised%2001.01.22%20author%20accepted%20version.pdf

The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on intimate partner violence and mental health: advancing mental health services, research, and policy.

Background: Understanding the drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV), perpetrated by men and experienced by women, is a critical task for developing effective prevention programmes.Objectives: To provide a comprehensive assessment of the drivers of IPV.Methods: A comprehensive review of the drivers of IPV, at the end of a six-year programme of research through the What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Global Programme with reference to other important research in the field.Results: Broadly, we argue that IPV is driven by poverty, patriarchal privilege, and the normative use of violence in interpersonal relationships. These factors also increase childhood trauma, poor mental health and substance misuse, and poor communication and conflict in relationships, which in turn impact on IPV. Disability status, and contexts of armed conflict, or post-conflict, further reinforce and exacerbate these risks. We move beyond describing associations towards describing the causal pathways through which these factors operate to increase IPV.Conclusions: Specific recommendations about the future of further research on drivers of IPV include a greater focus on understanding the causal pathways from drivers to IPV and clearly delineating association from causality in studies, particularly for women and girls with disabilities, in armed conflicts, and adolescent girls and young women. To achieve this, we recommend extensive in-depth qualitative research, and complex quantitative modeling studies. Understanding drivers and causal pathways better will enable the identification of points of entry for the development of more effective IPV prevention interventions.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/16549716.2020.1739845

New learnings on drivers of men's physical and/or sexual violence against their female partners, and women's experiences of this, and the implications for prevention interventions.

Abstract Objective To describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors among married women in Albania. Design Cross sectional study. Setting Tirana, the capital city of Albania. Participants A representative sample of 1039 married women aged 25-65 living in Tirana and recorded in the 2001 census. Methods Questionnaire on intimate partner violence and social and demographic characteristics of the women and their husbands. Main outcome measure Women's experience within the past year of being hit, slapped, kicked, or otherwise physically hurt by the husband. Results More than a third (37%, 384/1039) of women had experienced violence. Risk was greatest among women aged 25-34 (odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.09), women with tertiary education (3.70, 2.04 to 6.67), women in white collar jobs (4.0, 1.59 to 10.0), women with least educated husbands (5.01, 2.91 to 8.64), and women married to men raised in rural areas (3.31, 2.29 to 4.80). Women were at higher risk if they were more educated than their husbands (4.76, 2.56 to 9.09). Conclusions In transitional Albania, the risk of spousal violence is high, and more empowered women are at greater risk.

Factors associated with Spousal Physical violence in Albania: Cross sectional study

Couples Therapy for Domestic Violence: Finding Safe Solutions

Physical Health: Women’s Sexual Embodiment after Cancer

Social norms and women's risk of intimate partner violence in Nepal.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue that affects one in three women globally and a similarly large number of women in Nepal. Although important policy and programmatic steps have been taken to address violence against women in Nepal over the past decade, there is still a gap on IPV research in Nepal, particularly with regard to social norms. This mixed-methods study used in-depth interviews with women and their husbands as well as baseline survey data from a cluster randomized trial testing a primary prevention intervention for IPV to examine the prevalence and risk factors for IPV. Baseline survey data included 1800 women from Nawalparasi, Chitwan, and Kapilvastu districts in Nepal. Multivariate regression was used to identify risk and protective factors for exposure to physical and / or sexual IPV in the prior 12 months. Case-based analysis was used to analyze one of 18 pairs of in-depth interviews to examine risk and protective factors within marriages. Of 1800 eligible participants, 455 (25.28%) were exposed to IPV. In multivariate analyses, low caste, wife employment, income stress, poor marital communication, quarrelling, husband drunkenness, exposure to IPV as a child, in-law violence, and gender inequitable normative expectations were associated with IPV. The selected case interview represented common themes identified in the analysis including the wife’s exposure to violence as a child, husband alcohol use, and marital quarrelling. Gender inequitable norms in the community and the intergenerational transmission of attitudes and behaviors supportive of IPV are important to address in intervention measures.

/pdf/mixed-methods-assessment-of-women-s-risk-of-intimate-partner-f4y3dn8fjw.pdf

Mixed methods assessment of women's risk of intimate partner violence in Nepal.

Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence against women, there is limited understanding of best practices to prevent IPV through working directly with couples and...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0265407519867466

A comparative case study of couples programming to support relationship quality in Nepal and Rwanda

Approximately 54% of women in rural Nepal report lifetime physical or sexual violence. The Change Starts at Home project is a primary prevention strategy to reduce and prevent marital intimate partner violence (IPV). This study analyzed in-depth interviews with 17 married couples (n = 34 individuals) at intervention midline and end line. Case-based analysis and thematic summaries were used to assess change, couple concordance, and gendered reporting patterns at midline. Individual changes included husband's alcohol use and roaming tendencies. Relationship-level changes comprised labor roles, communication, decision making, conflict resolution, and experience of IPV. End line interviews were analyzed to understand sustenance of change within these same individual and relationship dynamics. Results indicate promising shifts in men's individual behavior and marital dynamics, which underpin IPV risk.

"Change Really Does Need to Start From Home": Impact of an Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Strategy Among Married Couples in Nepal.

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Social norms and women's risk of intimate partner violence in Nepal.

Mixed methods assessment of women's risk of intimate partner violence in Nepal.

A comparative case study of couples programming to support relationship quality in Nepal and Rwanda

"Change Really Does Need to Start From Home": Impact of an Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Strategy Among Married Couples in Nepal.