The heterogeneity in the healthy human immune system, and the immunological changes that portend various diseases, have been only partially described Their comprehensive elucidation has been termed the 'Human Immunology Project' The accurate measurement of variations in the human immune system requires precise and standardized assays to distinguish true biological changes from technical artefacts Thus, to be successful, the Human Immunology Project will require standardized assays for immunophenotyping humans in health and disease A major tool in this effort is flow cytometry, which remains highly variable with regard to sample handling, reagents, instrument setup and data analysis In this Review, we outline the current state of standardization of flow cytometry assays and summarize the steps that are required to enable the Human Immunology Project

/pdf/standardizing-immunophenotyping-for-the-human-immunology-2bwng0v54b.pdf

Standardizing immunophenotyping for the Human Immunology Project

https://trainorlab.mcmaster.ca/publications/pdfs/HannonTrainorTICS07.pdf

Music acquisition: effects of enculturation and formal training on development

Purpose In this review I summarize and discuss reported findings of structural and functional plasticity in the intact human brain. Methods The main focus is placed on research that uses musicians as a model to study brain plasticity. I summarize therefore mostly studies dealing with musicians or with the effect of music practice. In the first section, structural plasticity is described on the basis of modern neuroanatomical studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. In the second part, emphasis is given to studies reporting functional plasticity on the basis of changed neurophysiological activation patterns. These studies are discussed in the context of two approaches employed to study plasticity in the human brain: the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. Results The reviewed studies altogether indicate that experience can shape brain anatomy and brain physiology. Brain plasticity as demonstrated here is related to changed grey and white mater densities (and volumes) but also to changed activation patterns in the brain areas involved in controlling the expertise task. Conclusions Taken together, all studies support the view that the human brain is much more plastic than had been anticipated 20 years ago.

The plastic human brain.

The molecular biological field of epigenetics has recently attracted attention not only in biology, but also in the broader scientific community and the popular press. Commentators paint a very heterogeneous picture with some arguing that epigenetics is nothing but another aspect of gene regulation, and others enthusiastically proclaiming a paradigmatic shift in developmental biology. This article analyses a particular approach to environmental epigenetics – a subfield of epigenetics that is central to the recent excitement. The focus lies on an ethnographic analysis of research practices that enable a particular lab group to study the impact of different levels of context, for example, changes in the social and material environment, on epigenetic modification and thus phenotypic variation. The article argues that changes in the practice of doing epigenetic biology contribute to a molecularisation of biography and milieu, suggest the configuration of somatic sociality and produce a different concept of the body: the embedded body. This article concludes with a brief discussion of customary biology as a potential new research agenda at the interface of material and social inquiry.

/pdf/epigenetics-embedded-bodies-and-the-molecularisation-of-5demw7b6rh.pdf

Epigenetics: Embedded bodies and the molecularisation of biography and milieu

Psychophysiological evidence suggests that music and language are intimately coupled such that experience/training in one domain can influence processing required in the other domain. While the influence of music on language processing is now well-documented, evidence of language-to-music effects have yet to be firmly established. Here, using a cross-sectional design, we compared the performance of musicians to that of tone-language (Cantonese) speakers on tasks of auditory pitch acuity, music perception, and general cognitive ability (e.g., fluid intelligence, working memory). While musicians demonstrated superior performance on all auditory measures, comparable perceptual enhancements were observed for Cantonese participants, relative to English-speaking nonmusicians. These results provide evidence that tone-language background is associated with higher auditory perceptual performance for music listening. Musicians and Cantonese speakers also showed superior working memory capacity relative to nonmusician controls, suggesting that in addition to basic perceptual enhancements, tone-language background and music training might also be associated with enhanced general cognitive abilities. Our findings support the notion that tone language speakers and musically trained individuals have higher performance than English-speaking listeners for the perceptual-cognitive processing necessary for basic auditory as well as complex music perception. These results illustrate bidirectional influences between the domains of music and language.

/pdf/tone-language-speakers-and-musicians-share-enhanced-s4fwa4ty6i.pdf

Tone Language Speakers and Musicians Share Enhanced Perceptual and Cognitive Abilities for Musical Pitch: Evidence for Bidirectionality between the Domains of Language and Music

http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Chris_Darwin/PerMuSo/pdfs/Levitin_Rogers_Tics.pdf

Absolute pitch: perception, coding, and controversies

Genomic platforms and hybrid formations

A short-term memory (STM) paradigm has been used to examine the influence of frequency separation versus frequency ratio on the processing of pure-tone dyads presented outside of a musical (tonal) context. The physical interaction produces a sensation termed beating when the frequency separation between a dyad's two tones is less than a single critical bandwidth. Models of sensory consonance/dissonance (C/D) predicted that all pure-tone dyads with frequency differences greater than a critical bandwidth should be considered to be constant. The representation of musical C/D typically reflects an integration of the sensory properties of a complex-tone signal, the musical context, and the listener's exposure to intervals. Nonmusicians displayed more accurate memory for large-integer compared with small-integer ratio dyads.

/pdf/memory-for-musical-intervals-cognitive-differences-for-cqqfsbl0rg.pdf

Memory for musical intervals: Cognitive differences for consonance and dissonance

The translation of laboratory innovations into clinical tools is dependent upon the development of regulatory arrangements designed to ensure that the new technology will be used reliably and consistently. A case study of a key post-genomic technology, gene chips or microarrays, exemplifies this claim. The number of microarray publications and patents has increased exponentially during the last decade and diagnostic microarray tests already are making their way into the clinic. Yet starting in the mid-1990s, scientific journals were overrun with criticism concerning the ambiguities involved in interpreting most of the assumptions of a microarray experiment. Questions concerning platform comparability and statistical calculations were and continue to be raised, in spite of the emergence by 2001 of an initial set of standards concerning several components of a microarray experiment. This article probes the history and ongoing efforts aimed at turning microarray experimentation into a viable, meaningful, and consensual technology by focusing on two related elements:

1) The history of the development of the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society (MGED), a remarkable bottom-up initiative that brings together different kinds of specialists from academic, commercial, and hybrid settings to produce, maintain, and update microarray standards; and

2) The unusual mix of skills and expertise involved in the development and use of microarrays. The production, accumulation, storage, and mining of microarray data remain multi-skilled endeavors bridging together different types of scientists who embody a diversity of scientific traditions. Beyond standardization, the interfacing of these different skills has become a key issue for further development of the field.

Making a new technology work: the standardization and regulation of microarrays.

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Papers

Absolute pitch: perception, coding, and controversies

Genomic platforms and hybrid formations

Memory for musical intervals: Cognitive differences for consonance and dissonance

Making a new technology work: the standardization and regulation of microarrays.