Theory of Literature

The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder

Paul Simpson. Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge English Language Introductions. New York: Routledge, 2004. xiv + 247 pp. $99.95 cloth; $29.95 paper. Paul Simpson is a productive researcher in and an experienced teacher of stylistics. His third book for Routledge, Stylistics, provides a comprehensive overview of the subject in a clear, entertaining, insightful, and innovative way. Like other books in the Routledge English Language Introduction series, edited by Peter Stockwell, Simpson's Stylistics has a flexible "two-dimensional" structure, built horizontally around four self-contained sections centering on one topic-A introduction, B development, C exploration, and D extension-as well as vertically progressing from one topic to another. The book has twelve topics or strands: 1) What is stylistics? 2) Stylistics and levels of language, 3) Grammar and style, 4) Rhythm and metre, 5) Narrative stylistics, 6) Style as choice, 7) Style and point of view, 8) Represented speech and thought, 9) Dialogue and discourse, 10) Cognitive stylistics, 11) Metaphor and metonymy, and 12) Stylistics and verbal humour. The topics develop from section A to section D, giving rise to altogether 46 selfcontained units (topic or strand 12 does not have sections B or C). The A units are comprehensive and concise introductions to the topics concerned; B units are either illustrative expansions of the model introduced in A, or surveys of important research developments in the relevant area; C units are practical activities for students to try out and apply what they have learned from A and B; and finally, D units offer a wide-ranging selection of relevant readings by other famous stylisticians. In accordance with the "two-dimensional" structure, the book has two tables of contents, with "Contents" followed by "Contents Cross-Referenced." The former goes along the vertical dimension, progressing from section A (1-12) to section D (1-12), and the latter is primarily concerned with the horizontal dimension, progressing from Al-Bl-Cl-Dl to A 12-Dl 2. The reader can follow either table of contents. Or, for an alternative, the reader can go directly to a certain topic and read horizontally, for instance, starting from A10 ("Cognitive stylistics") to BlO ("Developments in cognitive stylistics"), to ClO ("Cognitive stylistics at work"), and then to DlO ("Cognitive stylistics" [by Margaret Freeman]). While the vertical reading takes the reader comprehensively through the broad field of study, the horizontal reading across the four stages enables the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained in a specific area. The coexistence of and interaction between the vertical and horizontal dimensions make the book more dynamic, leave the reader more freedom of choice, hence helping bring the reader's initiative into fuller play. This flexible structure and the freedom it offers to readers seem to be partly influenced by computer technology, by the more flexible reading possible on screen. It shows that the limitations associated with the linearity of printed words may be to a certain extent overcome by a structuring that has more than one dimension. This two-dimensional structure has, however, one drawback. As we all know, "style as choice" is a key concept in stylistics and naturally Simpson makes it the subject of strand 6. But as each strand has to be more or less self-contained, this strand focuses on the system of transitivity, an area that "emphasises the concept of style as choice" (22). …

Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students

The national history textbook is one of the most controversial textbooks. In books, historical events are presented in the form of narratives that can be used as lessons for the present and future challenges. Narratives can be studied from the point of view of critical discourse analysis that provides awareness. A literature study method with a close reading technique is used to understand the narrative pattern in the textbook. The textbooks in this analysis are textbooks published between 1975-2003. These books represent textbooks from the 1975 curriculum to the 1994 curriculum, supplement to GBPP 1999. The results of the analysis show that this textbook shows a role narrative pattern using a concentric chronological approach, using the principles of accommodative history writing, highlighting aspects of heroism, and using an event approach in the flow of food. The weakness of this textbook is that there are attempts to build an unbalanced role narrative. The narrative of the role of the regime in power at that time was presented with an exaggerated cult tendency.Buku teks sejarah nasional adalah salah satu buku teks yang paling sering mengundang kontroversi. Pada buku teks, setiap kejadian sejarah disajikan sebagai narasi sejarah yang menjadi materi pembelajaran untuk kehidupan masa sekarang dan menghadapi tantangan di masa depan. Sajian narasi dalam analisis buku dapat ditelaah menggunakan pespektif model analisis wacana kritis dengan mengedepankan aspek kesadaran sejarah. Untuk memahami pola narasi dalam buku teks digunakan metode studi literatur dengan teknik close reading. Buku teks dalam analisis ini merupakan buku teks yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1975-2003. Buku-buku tersebut mewakili buku teks dari kurikulum 1975 sampai dengan kurikulum 1994, suplemen GBPP 1999. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa buku teks ini menunjukkan pola narasi peran dengan menggunakan pendekatan kronologis konsentris, menggunakan prinsip penulisan sejarah akomodatif, menonjolkan aspek heroism, dan menggunakan pendekatan peristiwa dalam alur sajiannya. Kelemahan buku teks ini adalah terdapat upaya membangun narasi peran yang tidak seimbang. Narasi peran bagi rezim yang sedang berkuasa pada saat itu ditampilkan dengan tendensi pengkultusan yang berlebihan.

/pdf/analisis-pola-narasi-sejarah-dalam-buku-teks-lintas-36nhz596.pdf

Analisis Pola Narasi Sejarah dalam Buku Teks Lintas Kurikulum di Indonesia

Nurse as Educator: Principles of Teaching and Learning for Nursing Practice, 2nd ed.

Analysis of Elementary School Teacher Skills in Applying Learning Variations.  This study aims to determine the skills of primary school teachers in applying variations of learning. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. This research was conducted in Purwosari Elementary School. The subjects used in this study were 5th grade teachers. Data collection techniques used were observation, documentation, and interviews. Data analysis techniques using interactive model data analysis techniques in the form of data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are Purwosari elementary school teachers have implemented a variety of learning in accordance with the planned implementation of learning. Keywords : Teacher Skills, Learning Variations Abstrak : Analisis Keterampilan Guru Sekolah Dasar dalam Menerapkan Variasi Pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan keterampilan guru SD dalam menerapkan variasi pembelajaran. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu kualitatif deskriptif.. Tempat dilaknakan penelitian yaitu di Sekolah dasar Purwosari.  Subyek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu guru kelas 5. Dalam pengumpulan data menggunakan dokumentasi, wawancara, dan observasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu teknik analisis data model interaktif yaitu berupa reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu guru SDN Purwosari  sudah menerapkan variasi belajar yang sesuai dengan rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang telah disusun. Kata Kunci : Keterampilan Guru, Variasi Pembelajaran

/pdf/analisis-keterampilan-guru-sekolah-dasar-dalam-menerapkan-2yu17pjeha.pdf

Analisis keterampilan guru sekolah dasar dalam menerapkan variasi pembelajaran

 Pernikahan usia dini < 20 tahun dapat mempengaruhi status gizi anak yang dilahirkan. Ibu yang menikah di usia dini, status gizi anak berisiko mengalami kekurangan gizi, kurus dan gizi buruk. Tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pernikahan dini dan pola asuh bayi usia dua tahun (0-23 bulan) dengan kejadian stunting.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain potong lintang terhadap 82 orang bayi usia dua tahun usia 0-23 bulan dari ibu belum menikah usia dini. Ibu mengatakan menikah usia dini bila usia ibu saat menikah <20 tahun. Status gizi bayi usia dua tahun diperoleh dari z-score PB/U, analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-square. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 73,2% wanita usia 18-20 tahun sudah menikah, sedangkan usia 15-17 tahun sebanyak 26,8%. Persentase stunting bayi usia dua tahun dari ibu yang belum menikah usia 15-17 tahun sebanyak 36,4%, sedangkan pada kelompok usia 18-20 tahun yang menikah sebanyak 41,7% bayi usia dua tahun yang stunting. Hal ini menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara ibu menikah usia dini dengan kejadian stunting pada bayi usia 2 tahun usia 0-23 bulan (p = 0,664). Persentase hasil pola asuh ibu yang baik sebanyak 30,4%, dengan kejadian stunting dan pola asuh ibu yang tidak baik sebanyak 61,5% dengan kejadian stunting. Dengan demikian hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan p=(P<0,05) antara pola asuh ibu dengan kejadian stunting. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pernikahan dini dengan kejadian stunting (P=0.664). 
 Marriage early age <20 years can affect the nutritional status of children born. Mothers who get married at an early age, nutritional status of children at risk of having a short, skinny nutrition and malnutrition. The aim to determine the relationship of early marriage and parenting two year old baby (0- 23 months) and the incidence ofstunting. This study was an observational study using cross-sectional design of the 82 people two year old baby aged 0-23 months of unmarried mothers early age. Mom said to get married early age when maternal age at married <20 years. Two year old baby nutritional status obtained from the z-score PB / U, data analysis using Chi-square test. These results indicate that as many as 73.2% of women aged 18-20 years were married, while the 15-17 age as much as 26.8%. Two year old baby stunting percentage of unmarried mothers early age 15-17 as much as 36.4%, while in the age group 18-20 years were married as much as 41.7% two year old baby that stunting. This shows there is no relationship between mother married an early age on the incidence of stunting in two year old baby aged 0-23 months (p = 0.664). Percentage yield good mother parenting as much as 30.4%, with the incidence of stunting and parenting are not good mothers as much as 61.5% in the incidence ofstunting. Thust he results oft his study showed asignificant relationship = (P<0.05) between maternal parenting style with the incidence of stunting. There is no significant relationship between early marriage with the incidence of stunting (P =0.664).

Hubungan pernikahan usia dini dan pola asuh baduta (0- 23 bulan) terhadap kejadian stunting

Sastra sebagai bagian dari representasi kehidupan manusia selalu terikat dengan kultur dan lingkungan manusia. Permasalahan yang disampaikan oleh sastrawan dalam karya sastra merupakan bagian dari kenyataan yang terjadi di lingkungan tempatnya berada. Tidak terkecuali dengan sastra lisan. Sebagai sebuah genre sastra tradisional, sastra lisan memiliki ketergantungan dengan unsur-unsur ekologi yang terdapat di dalam alam semesta. Tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan, misalnya memiliki peran dalam konteks pembacaan teks-teks mantra saat proses pengobatan penyakit dilakukan oleh seorang dukun. Sastra lisan mantra pengobatan sakit gigi pada masyarakat Belimbing kelurahan Kuranji Kecamatan Kuranji kotamadya Padang, misalnya, dalam praktiknya oleh dukun selalu melibatkan unsur ekologi. Melalui kajian perspektif ekokritik dapat diketahui kehadiran sastra lisan mantra pengobatan sakit gigi pada masyarakat setempat dilatari oleh persyaratan pelengkap yaitu daun-daunan cocok bebek, air putih, sirih, gambir, kapur sirih, buah pinang, batang muda pohon pisang, daun beluntas, serta rokok. Keterlibatan unsur-unsur ekologi tersebut menunjukkan pencitraan yang kuat dari nature, nurture, dan culture masyarakat Belimbing.

/pdf/unsur-unsur-ekologi-dalam-sastra-lisan-mantra-pengobatan-3hyurtna0t.pdf

Unsur-unsur ekologi dalam sastra lisan mantra pengobatan sakit gigi masyarakat kelurahan kuranji

Asupan gizi ibu hamil menjadi faktor penting baik untuk pemenuhan nutrisi ibu hamil atau untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin dalam kandungan. Kekurangan gizi selama hamil dapat terjadi jika diet ibu hamil mengandung nutrisi yang tidak mencukupi dan tidak memenuhi persyaratan tubuhnya. Gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang terjadi akibat kurangnya asupan nutrisi pada ibu hamil diantaranya adalah kelahiran bayi dengan berat lahir rendah dan stunting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat kurang nutrisi pada ibu hamil terhadap risiko stunting bayi yang dilahirkan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan literatur review yang terdiri dari 24 sumber baik berasal dari jurnal internasional, nasional dan riset kesehatan dasar. Hasil dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan Asupan gizi pada ibu hamil berdampak pada kesehatan ibu dan pertumbuhan janin yang dikandungnya. Selama hamil kebutuhan gizi meningkat 2-3 kali dibandingkan pada wanita tidak hamil. Masalah gizi yang terjadi pada ibu hamil berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan janin didalam kandungan, bayi yang dilahirkan dapat terjadi kelahiran dengan BBLR dan gizi kurang yang dapat memicu terjadinya stunting pada anak. Adapun saran yang dapat diberikan diantaranya adalah Perlunya peningkatan pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi selama hamil untuk mencegah masalah kurang gizi pada ibu hamil dengan pemberian makakanan tambahan. Pemeriksaan/pemantauan kehamailan secara rutin dan berkualitas sehinggan dapat dilakukan penanganan secara dini terhadap ibu hamil yang bermasalah. Penanganan yang tepat pada BBLR dan gizi kurang pada bayi agar tidak jatuh pada keadaan stunting. Pemberian pendidikan kesehatan tentang gizi ibu hamil kepada ibu hamil. Pelaksanaan deteksi anemia pada remaja dan ibu hamil trimester pertama

Dampak kurangnya nutrisi pada ibu hamil terhadap risiko stunting pada bayi yang dilahirkan

Leaders have their own unique and distinctive traits, habits, temperament, character, and personality so that their behavior and style can be distinguished from others. This style or lifestyle will color his behavior and type of leadership. Leadership refers to someone influencing the behavior of others for a purpose. With power, leaders can influence the behavior of their subordinates. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of leaders and effective leadership styles. Ideal leadership is a dream or a hope for every organization. There are 8 (eight) ideal leadership characteristics, namely: honest, intelligent, responsible, visionary, correct, disciplined behavior, initiative and, direct. Character is the key to an organization's success. An organization will move forward or backward depending on the leader. Because the leader is the one who directs and determines the organizational objectives to be achieved. The method used in this research is the study of literature or library research and by conducting observational studies from previous studies. Library research, Researchers study and collect data through several kinds of literature and reading sources that support and are relevant to research. In this case, literature research is carried out through books, magazines, internet.

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