Textronics—A Review of Textile-Based Wearable Electronics

The development of wearable electronic devices has created a better blueprint for future human-computer interaction and intelligent living. Flexible pressure sensor is an important link to the development of wearable electronic devices. Despite significant progress made to date, there are still issues to be solved, including complex material synthesis, cumbersome preparation process and poor sensitivity response to human body signal. In this paper, we report flexible sensors that could be applied in different conditions. The sensors are fabricated by combination electrospinning-prepared PVDF nanofiber film with PDMS/Ag NWs and PET/ITO electrodes, respectively. The sensors based on PVDF nanofiber film feature good piezoelectric property with quantitative pressure measurement. Furthermore, they can act as a real-time monitor of human movement due to their conformal form factors. In addition, the sensors realize non-direct contact sensing, providing a broad design idea for future non-contact human-computer interaction. Our approach provides a new, simple, and cost-effective strategy for the development of wearable pressure sensors.

Flexible pressure sensor based on PVDF nanofiber

This paper presents a new approach to wearable hand gesture recognition and finger angle estimation based on the modified barometric pressure sensing. Barometric pressure sensors were encased and injected with VytaFlex rubber such that the rubber directly contacted the sensing element allowing pressure change detection when the encasing rubber was pressed. A wearable prototype consisting of an array of ten modified barometric pressure sensors around the wrist was developed and validated with experimental testing for three different hand gesture sets and finger flexion/extension trials for each of the five fingers. The overall hand gesture recognition classification accuracy was 94%. Further analysis revealed that the most important sensor location was the underside of the wrist and that when reducing the sensor number to only five optimally placed sensors, classification accuracy was still 90%. For continuous finger angle estimation, aggregate ${R}^{\textsf {2}}$ values between actual and predicted angles were thumb: 0.81 ± 0.10, index finger: 0.85±0.06, middle finger: 0.77±0.08, ring finger: 0.77 ± 0.12, and pinkie finger: 0.75 ± 0.10, and the overall average was 0.79 ± 0.05. These results demonstrate that a modified barometric pressure wristband can be used to classify hand gestures and to estimate individual finger joint angles. This approach could serve to improve the clinical treatment for upper extremity deficiencies, such as for stroke rehabilitation, by providing objective patient motor control metrics to inform and aid physicians and therapists throughout the rehabilitation process.

Hand Gesture Recognition and Finger Angle Estimation via Wrist-Worn Modified Barometric Pressure Sensing

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a wearable tactile communication interface with vibrotactile feedback for assistive communication. The interface is based on finger Braille, which is a simple and efficient tactile communication method used by deafblind people. It consists of a flexible piezoresistive sensor and a vibrotactile actuator integrated together and positioned at the index, middle and ring fingers of both hands to represent the six dots of Braille. The sensors were made using flexible piezoresistive material whereas the actuator utilizes electromagnetic principle by means of a flexible coil and a tiny NdFeB permanent magnet. Both were integrated to realize a Bluetooth-enabled tactile communication glove which enables deafblind people to communicate using Braille codes. The evaluation with 20 end-users (10 deafblind and 10 sighted and hearing person) of the tactile interface under standardized conditions demonstrated that users can feel and distinguish the vibration at frequencies ranging from 10Hz to 200Hz which is within the perceivable frequency range for the FA-II receptors. The results show that it took non-experts in Braille within 25s and 55s to send and receive words like “BEST” and “JOURNAL”, with an accuracy of ~75% and 68% respectively.

/pdf/wearable-assistive-tactile-communication-interface-based-on-5gcuiluu5c.pdf

Wearable Assistive Tactile Communication Interface Based on Integrated Touch Sensors and Actuators

This paper presents a novel structural piezoresistive pressure sensor with four-grooved membrane combined with rood beam to measure low pressure. In this investigation, the design, optimization, fabrication, and measurements of the sensor are involved. By analyzing the stress distribution and deflection of sensitive elements using finite element method, a novel structure featuring high concentrated stress profile (HCSP) and locally stiffened membrane (LSM) is built. Curve fittings of the mechanical stress and deflection based on FEM simulation results are performed to establish the relationship between mechanical performance and structure dimension. A combination of FEM and curve fitting method is carried out to determine the structural dimensions. The optimized sensor chip is fabricated on a SOI wafer by traditional MEMS bulk-micromachining and anodic bonding technology. When the applied pressure is 1 psi, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 30.9 mV/V/psi, a pressure nonlinearity of 0.21% FSS and an accuracy of 0.30%, and thereby the contradiction between sensitivity and linearity is alleviated. In terms of size, accuracy and high temperature characteristic, the proposed sensor is a proper choice for measuring pressure of less than 1 psi.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/439/pdf

Design Optimization and Fabrication of a Novel Structural SOI Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with High Accuracy.

The recent use of graduated compression therapy for treatment of chronic venous disorders such as leg ulcers and oedema has led to considerable research interest in flexible and low-cost force sensors. Properly applied low pressure during compression therapy can substantially improve the treatment of chronic venous disorders. However, achievement of the recommended low pressure levels and its accurate determination in real-life conditions is still a challenge. Several thin and flexible force sensors, which can also function as pressure sensors, are commercially available, but their real-life sensing performance has not been evaluated. Moreover, no researchers have reported information on sensor performance during static and dynamic loading within the realistic test conditions required for compression therapy. This research investigated the sensing performance of five low-cost commercial pressure sensors on a human-leg-like test apparatus and presents quantitative results on the accuracy and drift behaviour of these sensors in both static and dynamic conditions required for compression therapy. Extensive experimental work on this new human-leg-like test setup demonstrated its utility for evaluating the sensors. Results showed variation in static and dynamic sensing performance, including accuracy and drift characteristics. Only one commercially available pressure sensor was found to reliably deliver accuracy of 95% and above for all three test pressure points of 30, 50 and 70 mmHg.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/8/1923/pdf

Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders.

Flexible pressure sensors are increasingly being used in medical and non-medical applications, and particularly in innovative health monitoring. Their efficacy in medical applications such as compression therapy depends on the accuracy and repeatability of their output, which in turn depend on factors such as sensor type, shape, pressure range, and conformability of the sensor to the body surface. Numerous researchers have examined the effects of sensor type and shape, but little information is available on the effect of human body parameters such as support surfaces' curvature and the stiffness of soft tissues on pressure sensing performance. We investigated the effects of body parameters on the performance of pressure sensors using a custom-made human-leg-like test setup. Pressure sensing parameters such as accuracy, drift and repeatability were determined in both static (eight hours continuous pressure) and dynamic (10 cycles of pressure application of 30 s duration) testing conditions. The testing was performed with a focus on compression therapy application for venous leg ulcer treatments, and was conducted in a low-pressure range of 20-70 mmHg. Commercially available sensors manufactured by Peratech and Sensitronics were used under various loading conditions to determine the influence of stiffness and curvature. Flat rigid, flat soft silicone and three cylindrical silicone surfaces of radii of curvature of 3.5 cm, 5.5 cm and 6.5 cm were used as substrates under the sensors. The Peratech sensor averaged 94% accuracy for both static and dynamic measurements on all substrates; the Sensitronics sensor averaged 88% accuracy. The Peratech sensor displayed moderate variations and the Sensitronics sensor large variations in output pressure readings depending on the underlying test surface, both of which were reduced markedly by individual pressure calibration for surface type. Sensor choice and need for calibration to surface type are important considerations for their application in healthcare monitoring.

Flexible Sensors for Pressure Therapy: Effect of Substrate Curvature and Stiffness on Sensor Performance

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Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders.

Flexible Sensors for Pressure Therapy: Effect of Substrate Curvature and Stiffness on Sensor Performance