Hydrochemical borehole logs characterizing fluoride contamination in a crystalline aquifer (Maheshwaram, India)

Characterizing multiple water-rock interactions in the critical zone through Sr-isotope tracing of surface and groundwater

This study has been carried out in the granitic aquifer of Maheshwaram watershed, Telengana, India. In this study, groundwater sample data of 8 years were analyzed for the fluoride content with other chemical quality parameters. The correlation and factor analysis were employed to understand the mechanisms for fluoride (F) enrichment as well as the hydrochemistry of the area. These analyses addressed that the observed groundwater quality was due to water-rock interaction in the aquifer and fluoride is coming from the dissolution of fluorite and other silicate minerals like biotite and hornblende by the groundwater. Land use/land cover (LULC) study from 2002 to 2008 revealed there were significant positive changes in build-up land and negative changes in vegetation cover after 2003. The main agriculture (paddy) has been reduced to 0.97 km2 in 2008 from 2.39 km2 in 2003. The studied watershed has been characterized on the basis of F concentration into safe, transition, and unsafe groups following the WHO and BIS guidelines. The temporal variation of the three groups showed that 57.6% area of the watershed was in unsafe zone in 2000–2003, but 69.2% of the area became safe in 2006–2009. It has been found that F concentration reduced in 12.59% of the area (became safe from unsafe) accompanied by the reduction of paddy field area. After validation with present (2016) fluoride concentrations, it was found that 16.28% are vulnerable in near future. The results of this study showed that (a) the safe and unsafe zones of fluoride concentrations vary with time with the changes in other parameters associated with it like crop pattern and (b) vulnerable zone can be identified based on the susceptibility to change of safe and unsafe zones. Such studies are useful for planning and management purposes.

Demarcation of fluoride vulnerability zones in granitic aquifer, semi-arid region, Telengana, India

A hydrogeochemical study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality in parts of Kali watershed in Bulandshahr and Aligarh district. 42 groundwater samples each were collected from hand pumps in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period 2012 respectively and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, silica, anions (Cl, HCO3, CO3, SO4, F & NO3) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na & K). On the basis of various diagrams and plots, groundwater has been assessed for its hydrochemical characteristics and suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes. Results show dominance of alkalis and bicarbonates. The dominant facies identified from piper diagram is Na-K-HCO3. Four chemical groups of water have been identified on L-L diagram and majority of the samples fall in alkali-bicarbonate type and mixed type groups. Possible aqueous species in the groundwater are Mg(HCO3)2, Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3, NaCl, CaSO4, K2SO4 and Na2SO4. The US salinity diagram and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) suggest that the water is suitable for irrigation purpose. Nitrates in groundwater are within permissible limits except in 3 different locations in each season, which show high values due to the contamination from a landfill site and application of fertilizers. High positive correlation was observed between TDS and Na+, Cl-, Mg++ and Total Hardness (TH). Sodium show good correlation with Cl. Correlation of silica with Cl and TDS was done to assess the geogenic or anthropogenic involvement in evolving groundwater quality. Anthropogenic contributions from agricultural and domestic sources and weathering of rock forming minerals control the hydrochemistry of the area.

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in lower Kali watershed, Western Uttar Pradesh

Here, we report on both Sr isotope and major ions data, from shallow and deep groundwater from catchments located on granite and schist around the world. This extensive approach of Sr isotope tracing, initiated in France on areas impacted by intensive agricultural activities, was enlarged to Africa (granite-gneiss and schists 2200-700Ma of the Congo Basin), French Guiana (Archaen gneiss 3400-2700Ma and granite-gneiss rocks 2300-1900Ma) and India (Archean granites 2500Ma and Palaeoproterozoic granodiorite and schists 3100-1600Ma). The Sr content is well correlated with Mg and both are partly related to agricultural and weathering inputs. The relationship between Sr- isotope and Mg/Sr ratios allows defining the relative impact on surface and groundwater of processes occurring in the Critical Zone, mainly rain, agricultural practice and water-rock interactions.

Characterizing multiple water-rock interaction in the critical zone through Sr-isotope tracing of surface and groundwater.

Today’s dual contamination (water–rock interaction and anthropogenic impact) in groundwater system is a common problem worldwide. Abundant amount of work has been carried out to assess groundwater quality; however, a very limited work is released towards delineation of fluoride zones by water–rock interaction (WRI) and anthropogenic causes. For this reason, groundwater contamination problem has been taken up in a rural granitic hydrogeological setting of Andhra Pradesh, India. Agricultural activity, brick kiln factory and chicken farms are common anthropogenic sources available in the study area. A total of 53 groundwater and rainwater samples for monsoon months of the year 2006 have been collected and analysed. At various stages, corrections have been applied using chloride concentration limit (CCL) of 20 mg/l and fluoride concentration limit (FCL) of 1.88 mg/l. The results have proved that the dominant fluoride released by WRI action and anthropogenic action cover 15.1 and 21.7% area of the watershed, respectively. Also, present mixed state (WRI and anthropogenic causes) of groundwater quality covers the major portion of the watershed. The results of these corrections have successfully discriminated groundwater samples based on present chemical constituents. Such studies are useful for creating awareness and planning remedial measures in contaminant watershed.

Double Correction Technique for Characterising Groundwater Quality Zones: A Case Study from Granitic Setting, India

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Double Correction Technique for Characterising Groundwater Quality Zones: A Case Study from Granitic Setting, India