Electrical charges in nonaqueous media

Critical micelle concentrations were determined by conductance measurements for decyl-, dodecyl-, tetradecyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in water at 25, 60, 95, 130, and 160°C. The results are discussed in terms of the equilibrium model and the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann model for micelle formation. The free energies of transferring a methylene group from water to the oil-like interior of the micelle are found to be −781 at 25°C, −796 at 60°C, −819 at 95°C, −815 at 130°C, and −787 at 160°C cal-mol−1.

Critical micelle concentrations for alkyltrimethylammonium bromides in water from 25 to 160°C

Colloidal aspects of dispersion and digestion of self-dispersing lipid-based formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs.

After thousands of years of practice, we may not $n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d$ to know physics to wash our clothes, but (as usual) it might really help. In the cleaning of fabric, a hierarchical porous material, it is understood that soil particles are first detached by detergent, then washed away by fluid flow during rinsing. A common belief is that dirt in the fabric's pores is removed by flow advection, but small pores do not admit significant flow, leaving the role of advection dubious. The authors show that the detergent concentration gradient arising during rinsing with fresh water, though an unintended consequence, can be an effective route to enhancing soil removal from deep pores in fabric.

https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.9.034012

Cleaning by Surfactant Gradients: Particulate Removal from Porous Materials and the Significance of Rinsing in Laundry Detergency

Binary diffusion coefficients determined by a modified Harned conductimetric technique are reported for aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate at 25°C from 0.0018 to 0.47 M. As the concentration is increased through the critical micelle concentration of 0.008 M, the measured diffusion coefficients decrease rapidly from about 8 × 10−6 to 2 × 10.6−6 cm2 s−1. Just above the CMC the diffusion coefficients pass through a minimum then increase, reaching 5 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 at 0.2 M. The measurements are interpreted by analyzing the effects of micellization on (a) the free energy gradient driving the diffusion process and (b) the mobility of the diffusing electrolyte. The sudden drop in the surfactant diffusion coefficient at the CMC is a thermodynamic effect analogous to the vanishing diffusion coefficient at a critical mixing point due to zero free energy gradients. The increase in the diffusion coefficient for sodium dodecyl sulfate above the CMC is due to a 10-fold increase in the mobility of the micellized electrolyte.

Binary diffusion of micellar electrolytes

Surfactant diffusion: New results and interpretations

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Surfactant diffusion: New results and interpretations