Design pattern-based model transformation supported by QVT

Design patterns provide a proven solution for a recurring design problem. There has been much work on tool support for pattern reuse. However, the existing work focuses mostly on the static structure of design patterns, leaving behavioral aspects largely manual. In this work, we present an approach for transforming application behaviors based on behaviors of design patterns using Query/View/Transformation (QVT). In the approach, we specify a design pattern in terms of a problem specification, a solution specification, and a transformation specification at the metamodel level. A problem model that exhibits the behaviors of the problem specification is transformed to a solution model with the behaviors of the solution specification. We use Role-Based Metamodeling Language (RBML) for specifying problem and solution specifications and QVT for describing transformation rules. We demonstrate the approach using the Observer pattern applied to a graph application.

Pattern-based transformation of sequence diagrams using QVT

Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examine home-based rehabilitation (HBR) trials for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and the nine methodology-related items of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement. 
Methods: Three electronic databases were scanned from baseline to October 10, 2021. Two reviewers independently evaluated the articles according to the two inclusion criteria: (1) in individuals diagnosed with KOA, at least one group received home-based rehabilitation as a study intervention and (2) at least one group received a comparison intervention or no intervention. The methodological quality of the included studies (n=22) was assessed using the PEDro scale and nine items of the CONSORT 2010 statement. 
Results: Among 1557 RCTs, 22 studies that fulfilled our criteria were included in the review. The mean PEDro scale score was 5.77 (1.54). This result reflects moderate methodological quality. Concealed allocation (6; 27.3%), blinding of subjects (4; 18.2%), and (0; 0.0%) of therapists associated with the methodological quality were not reported in most studies. An author’s expertise in epidemiology and/or statistics was 0.78 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11–1.44), the multicenter study 0.94 points (95% CI: 0.19–1.68), and a one-unit increase in the total score of the CONSORT statement led to an increase in methodological quality of 0.55 points (95% CI: 0.34–0.76). 
Conclusion: The methodological quality of most RCTs examining HBR in KOA that we included in our systematic review was moderate. The adherence of journals and authors to CONSORT checklists in reporting of studies may lead to an improvement in the methodological quality of future published studies.

Methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of home-based rehabilitation in knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional survey

Abstract Objective To summarize the evidence on the efficacy and safety of vancomycin compared with those of alternative treatments in adult patients with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to December 15, 2023, for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses comparing vancomycin with alternative MRSA treatments. Primary outcomes included clinical cure and microbiological eradication rates. Organ‐specific safety outcomes were assessed. Summary estimates were recalculated using a random‐effects model. Evidence was graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022340359). Results This umbrella review included 19 studies and 71 meta‐analyses (46 efficacy and 25 safety) comparing vancomycin with 10 alternative treatments across different MRSA infection types and populations. GRADE assessment showed that 29.58% of the meta‐analyses were of high quality. Linezolid and daptomycin showed higher efficacy in MRSA‐induced skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia (moderate evidence quality) and bacteremia (very low evidence quality), respectively, compared with that of vancomycin. Cephalosporins had a higher risk of nausea, whereas linezolid had a higher risk of nausea, diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia than that of vancomycin. Vancomycin posed a higher risk of rash, pruritus, red man syndrome, and nephrotoxicity than that of alternatives. Conclusions The quality of evidence supporting the higher efficacy of alternative treatment over vancomycin for MRSA infection was not high. Given varying safety profiles and advancements in therapeutic monitoring, careful consideration of patient‐specific factors and pharmacokinetics is crucial when selecting treatment alternatives to vancomycin. 

Efficacy and safety of vancomycin compared with those of alternative treatments for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: An umbrella review

Flexible approaches to clinical trials.

Reporting quality was suboptimal in systematic review of randomized controlled trials with adaptive designs.

A design pattern addresses a recurring design problem by providing a proven solution for reuse in software development. However, due to the informal nature of prevailing pattern descriptions, it is difficult to reuse design patterns in practice. There has been much work on tool support for pattern reuse. However, the existing work focuses on only the solution domain of a pattern, leaving largely the problem domain unaddressed which is an important aspect in determining pattern applicability. Also, the existing work uses non-standardized techniques, which makes it difficult to adopt. In this work, we present a novel approach for applying design patterns using Query/View/Transformation (QVT), a de-facto standard for model transformation. In the approach, we make use of both the problem domain and solution domain of a design pattern for checking pattern applicability and verifying pattern conformance. The domains are defined at the metamodel level and mapped each other for a base to define QVT transformation. We demonstrate the approach using the Visitor design pattern applied to an open source drawing tool.

Pattern-Based Model Transformation Using QVT

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Reporting quality was suboptimal in systematic review of randomized controlled trials with adaptive designs.

Pattern-Based Model Transformation Using QVT