Domestic Production and Use: In 2004, about 90 million tons of portland cement and almost 5 million tons of masonry cement were produced at 114 plants in 37 States and at 2 plants in Puerto Rico. Sales prices increased significantly during the year. The value of cement production, excluding Puerto Rico, was about $8 billion, and the value of total sales (including imported cement) was about $10 billion. Most of the cement was used to make concrete, worth at least $45 billion. Imported cement and clinker (to make cement) accounted for about 20% of the cement sold; total imports rose significantly, owing to very high demand coupled with production shortfalls. Clinker, the main intermediate product in cement manufacture, was produced at 108 plants, with a combined apparent annual capacity of about 101 million tons. Including several facilities that merely ground clinker produced elsewhere, total finished cement (grinding) capacity was about 115 million tons. California, Texas, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama, in descending order, were the six leading producing States and accounted for about one-half of U.S. production. About 75% of cement sales went to ready-mixed concrete producers, 14% to concrete product manufacturers, 6% to contractors (mainly road paving), 3% to building materials dealers, and 2% to other users.

Cement·水泥·砼

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) has been gaining importance due to the fast growing technology as well as its requirements in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and vehicular social network (VSN). VANET facilitates vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication and improves the ride quality with value added services. The number of connected vehicles is expected to grow to a huge number with enormous exchange of safety and non-safety messages which are susceptible to security and privacy threat. To ensure secured communication, VANET must implement an authentication protocol to resist the attack and preserve the privacy. In this paper, a detailed discussion on the taxonomy for authentication schemes in VANET has been presented. The authentication schemes have been compared with security, privacy and scalability requirement. The use of recent technologies such as 5G, 5G-SDN, and Blockchain to design authentication schemes with low cost, and low communication, computational overhead has been discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with open challenges in VANET authentication. This paper is expected to open new avenues for researchers working in the domain of VANETs.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-authentication-schemes-in-4sgtyodq12.pdf

A Comprehensive Review of Authentication Schemes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

Trustworthy transmission is a beneficial step toward the success of the new era of telecommunication technologies and online social networks (OSNs). Many sensitive applications can benefit from OSNs, e.g., eHealth and medical services. However, OSNs have always been prey to Sybil attacks where numerous fake nodes are being generated and propagated in social networks to mimic like real nodes for the purpose of achieving malicious goals. Thus, for security reasons and for the sensitivity of data used in eHealth applications, such fake nodes have to be detected and deactivated immediately. The emerging field of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) promotes trust management (TM) among various IoMT devices to provide accurate and reliable communications, which is quite essential in critical diseases such as COVID-19. TM provides a secure platform to IoMT devices using different security protocols in the IoMT network. Generically, if a device is not comfortable to connect with additional devices in a network, the motive of the communication process is not succeeded and leads to disappointment for one device toward others. To handle these types of situations, a TM mechanism, named fuzzy-based TM mechanism for preventing Sybil attacks in the Internet of Medical Things (FTM-IoMT), is proposed. The FTM-IoMT provides TM for the users of eHealth systems using IoMT infrastructures. It is an intelligent mechanism to recognize Sybil or untrustworthy nodes in the system. The proposed mechanism helps IoMT nodes to collect authentic and credible information from their neighboring nodes as well as to neglect Sybil nodes. The trust value of a node is evaluated using fuzzy logic processing followed by the trust attributes, such as integrity, receptivity, and compatibility of a node. The FTM-IoMT provides a double evaluation check based on fuzzy logic processing and fuzzy filter. The proposed scheme shows superior results when compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.

FTM-IoMT: Fuzzy-Based Trust Management for Preventing Sybil Attacks in Internet of Medical Things

Find my trustworthy fogs: A fuzzy-based trust evaluation framework

In this paper, a novel image encryption algorithm based on the Once Forward Long Short Term Memory Structure (OF-LSTMS) and the Two-Dimensional Coupled Map Lattice (2DCML) fractional-order chaotic system is proposed. The original image is divided into several image blocks, each of which is input into the OF-LSTMS as a pixel sub-sequence. According to the chaotic sequences generated by the 2DCML fractional-order chaotic system, the parameters of the input gate, output gate and memory unit of the OF-LSTMS are initialized, and the pixel positions are changed at the same time of changing the pixel values, achieving the synchronization of permutation and diffusion operations, which greatly improves the efficiency of image encryption and reduces the time consumption. In addition the 2DCML fractional-order chaotic system has better chaotic ergodicity and the values of chaotic sequences are larger than the traditional chaotic system. Therefore, it is very suitable to image encryption. Many simulation results show that the proposed scheme has higher security and efficiency comparing with previous schemes.

/pdf/a-new-image-encryption-algorithm-based-on-the-of-lstms-and-fp7x5d9kzx.pdf

A new image encryption algorithm based on the OF-LSTMS and chaotic sequences.

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) has become one of the fast emerging technologies for information delivery due to its high demand in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). VANET provides two categories of services viz. safety and entertainment during the movement of vehicles and hence improve the ride quality. However, VANETs are prone to several security challenges. In this paper, a review of possible security attacks and possible solution with future research direction has been presented.

An Outline of the Security Challenges in VANET

With the rise of EVs, the demand of charging has necessitated the inclusion of renewable energy sources to supplement the grid. Intelligent transportation system (ITS) provides safety and comfort to the connected vehicle. Design of charging strategy to obtain optimal energy utilization poses the challenge to the researchers when both electric vehicle (EV) and charging stations are considered together in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). Here, we first introduce the VANET environment in which the communication between EVs on the road, road side unit (RSU), and a traffic server takes place. Then, the overview of solar PV integration with grid to meet the demand in peak hour has been discussed.

An Overview of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging in Vehicular Adhoc Network

Cloud computing is a business model with high degree of flexibility, scalability in providing infrastructure, platform and software as a service over the internet. Cloud promises for easiness and reduced expense to service providers and consumers. However, a lack of trust between these two stakeholders has hindered the universal acceptance of cloud for outsourced services. In this paper, a fuzzy based trust management system is proposed to facilitate cloud consumers in identifying trustworthy providers. The performance of the proposed system is validated through a simulation using CloudAnalyst and Simulink.

/pdf/fuzzy-based-trust-management-system-for-cloud-environment-21nt0mqgyi.pdf

Fuzzy based trust management system for cloud environment

In this study, a new color image encryption model that uses an intertwining logistic map based confusion mechanism and coupled map lattice based diffusion process. It incorporates mixing based on pseudo random number generator to ensure shuffling incase of same pixels, intertwining logistic map based confusion mechanism enhance the key sensitivity in the model. Finally, Couple map lattice based diffusion is utilized in the model to change the pixels in a way that even one-bit change in a pixel of plain image leads to a change in large number of pixels of the cipher image. The proposed encryption method enhance the security and results in better Number of pixel change rate (NPCR) and Unified average change intensity (UACI) scores. The correlation among the pixels of cipher image is reduced to be negligible. Corresponding results suggest that the proposed model is highly secure as compared with chaos based algorithms for image encryption application.

Cryptographic construction using coupled map lattice as a diffusion model to enhanced security

Growth of connected vehicles in vehicular social network (VSN) for the ease of driving, route recommendation and infotainment services involve huge exchange of messages between the vehicles. This exchange of messages is prone to several security attacks. Also, the messages must be from authentic source for the success of VSN. Thus, VSN attracts industries, researchers and academia for the development and deployment of a network for its secured communication. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) can provide a promising solution for connected vehicles. VANET is a framework in the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) which provide communication between vehicles also known as vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and to infrastructure also known as vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications using dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE). Several security and privacy majors have been taken up by the researchers in the literature. Also most of the scheme completely relies on the trusted authority (TA) for all decisions. However, because of the strict time constraints, the delay must be minimum and incurs less computational and communication overhead. In this research work, RSU assisted hash chain based approach has been proposed to mitigate security and privacy attacks. RSU based scheme thus reduces the complete dependency on the TA. Simulation results show the effectiveness of proposed work as compared to existing work mentioned in this paper.

A novel road side unit assisted hash chain based approach for authentication in vehicular Ad-hoc network

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