Today, there is an ever-growing interest on natural food ingredients both by consumers and producers in the food industry. In fact, people are looking for those products in the market which are free from artificial and synthetic additives and can promote their health. These food bioactive ingredients should be formulated in such a way that protects them against harsh process and environmental conditions and safely could be delivered to the target organs and cells. Nanoencapsulation is a perfect strategy for this situation and there have been many studies in recent years for nanoencapsulation of food components and nutraceuticals by different technologies. In this review paper, our main goal is firstly to have an overview of nanoencapsulation techniques applicable to food ingredients in a systematic classification, i.e., lipid-based nanocarriers, nature-inspired nanocarriers, special-equipment-based nanocarriers, biopolymer nanocarriers, and other miscellaneous nanocarriers. Then, application of these cutting-edge nanocarriers for different nutraceuticals including phenolic compounds and antioxidants, natural food colorants, antimicrobial agents and essential oils, vitamins, minerals, flavors, fish oils and essential fatty acids will be discussed along with presenting some examples in each field.

A systematic review on nanoencapsulation of food bioactive ingredients and nutraceuticals by various nanocarriers

Nanoencapsulation of carotenoids within lipid-based nanocarriers.

Carotenoids are natural dyes and antioxidants widely used in food processing and in therapeutic formulations. However, their practical application is restricted by their high sensitivity to external factors such as heat, light, oxygen, metal ions and processing conditions, as well as by extremely low water solubility. Various approaches have been developed to overcome these problems. In particular, it was demonstrated that application of supramolecular complexes of "host-guest" type with water-soluble nanoparticles allows minimizing the abovementioned disadvantages. From this point of view, nanoencapsulation of carotenoids is an effective strategy to improve their stability during storage and food processing. Also, nanoencapsulation enhances bioavailability of carotenoids via modulating their release kinetics from the delivery system, influencing the solubility and absorption. In the present paper, we present the state of the art of carotenoid nanoencapsulation and summarize the data obtained during last five years on preparation, analysis and reactivity of carotenoids encapsulated into various nanoparticles. The possible mechanisms of carotenoids bioavailability enhancement by multifunctional delivery systems are also discussed.

Supramolecular Carotenoid Complexes of Enhanced Solubility and Stability-The Way of Bioavailability Improvement.

https://link-springer-com-443.webvpn.jmu.edu.cn/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-78030-6_93.pdf

Application of Lipid Nanocarriers for the Food Industry

Alginate is a polysaccharide with the property of forming hydrogels, which is economic production, zero toxicity, and biocompatibility. In the agro-industry, alginate is used as a super absorbent polymer, coating seeds, fruits, and vegetables and as a carrier of bacteria and fungi as plant-growth promoters and biocontrol. The latter has a high impact on agriculture since the implementation of microorganisms in a polymer matrix improves soil quality; plant nutrition, and is functional as a preventive measure for the appearance of phytopathogenic. Additionally, it minimizes losses of foods due to wrong post-harvest handling. In this review, we provide an overview of physicochemical properties of alginate, some methods for preparation and modification of capsules and coatings, to finally describe its application in agro-industry as a matrix of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms, its effectiveness in cultivation and post-harvest, and its effect on the environment, as well as the prospects for future agro-industrial applications.

/pdf/review-and-perspectives-of-the-use-of-alginate-as-a-polymer-1k3jcks1.pdf

Review and Perspectives of the Use of Alginate as a Polymer Matrix for Microorganisms Applied in Agro-Industry

Common ex vivo methods for penetration investigations often fail to monitor transfollicular penetration appropriately. In the present investigation, the validity of dermal microdialysis on the ex vivo porcine ear skin to investigate penetration kinetics, including transfollicular penetration, was studied. In setup A, a caffeine nanocrystal formulation was compared to a non-particular caffeine gel formulation. In setup B, two caffeine nanocrystal formulations of different sizes (200 nm, 700 nm) were compared to each other. Microdialysis samples were collected for 46 h. After sampling, the skin layers were separated, homogenized, and caffeine was quantified in all samples. In setup A the area under the curve (AUC) after crystal gel formulation application was 12 times higher than after non-particular formulation application. Setup B showed an increased AUC of 42% in the microdialysis data when the 700 nm caffeine crystals were applied compared to the 200 nm crystals. The microdialysis data was supported by the separation, homogenization and extraction data. Microdialysis performed on ex vivo porcine ear skin is a novel experimental setup. It is of high interest for further investigations since it is able to also capture the impact of follicular and transfollicular penetration kinetics as no other ex vivo setup can.

Microdialysis on Ex Vivo Porcine Ear Skin Can Validly Study Dermal Penetration including the Fraction of Transfollicular Penetration—Demonstrated on Caffeine Nanocrystals

In comparison to other lipid-based nanocarriers; such as nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have lately attracted much attention from the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their advantages. SLNs are novel nanoparticulate vehicles containing lipid droplets that are fully crystallized with the bioactive components being a part of the lipid matrix. SLNs were designed to combine the advantages of polymeric particles, liposomes, and emulsions and to avoid some of their disadvantages. Later, NLCs entered the nanoencapsulation field to cover the deficiencies found in SLNs. The main aim was to enhance the loading capacity and to inhibit the expulsion of bioactive compounds. They are produced by dispersion of mixture of solid and liquid lipids, and active ingredients (as inner phase) in water containing emulsifiers (as outer phase). In contrast to SLNs, the presence of liquid lipid in inner phase of NLCs cause to the possibility of entrapping active ingredients which are better solubilized in liquid lipid. This chapter focuses on the use of lipids as matrix material for nanoencapsulation of molecular actives, but also particulate actives. It covers the full range of aspects from the basic structure of the various lipid nanoparticulate systems to large-scale production and gives examples for the in vivo performance of these systems.

Encapsulation by nanostructured lipid carriers

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Microdialysis on Ex Vivo Porcine Ear Skin Can Validly Study Dermal Penetration including the Fraction of Transfollicular Penetration—Demonstrated on Caffeine Nanocrystals

Encapsulation by nanostructured lipid carriers