http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/145/12/852/24134232/milmed-145-12-852.pdf

Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals

The food and agricultural organisation of the united nations

This supplement to Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is a compilation of selected papers presented at the International
Wildlife Tuberculosis Conference, held from 9 to 12 September 2012 in Skukuza, South Africa.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

The paper examines heat stress and its adverse effects as a hindrance to profitable poultry production in the tropics, with emphasis on the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. It elucidates the general negative effects of heat stress on physiological parameters of domestic chickens, and the specific impact of the stress on reproduction in the tropics. The deleterious effects are expressed in poor poultry well-being and reproductive performance. It is concluded that measures aimed at alleviating heat stress in domestic chickens must be adopted in order to enhance reproductive and, consequently, efficiency of modern poultry production in the tropics.

/pdf/effects-of-heat-stress-on-the-well-being-fertility-and-4xfvy7b0cg.pdf

Effects of Heat Stress on the Well-Being, Fertility, and Hatchability of Chickens in the Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria: A Review

The influence of selenium and selenoproteins on immune responses of poultry and pigs.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by tau pathology and accumulations of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) along with amyloid-beta (Aβ). It has been associated with neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive deficits. The current review explained the molecular mechanisms behind the implications of Aβ aggregation in AD via multiple events. Beta (β) and gamma (γ) secretases hydrolyzed amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ, which then clumps together to form Aβ fibrils. The fibrils increase oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade, and caspase activation to cause hyperphosphorylation of tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which ultimately lead to neuronal damage. Acetylcholine (Ach) degradation is accelerated by upstream regulation of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which leads to a deficiency in neurotransmitters and cognitive impairment. There are presently no efficient or disease-modifying medications for AD. It is necessary to advance AD research to suggest novel compounds for treatment and prevention. Prospectively, it might be reasonable to conduct clinical trials with unclean medicines that have a range of effects, including anti-amyloid and anti-tau, neurotransmitter modulation, anti-neuroinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognitive enhancement.

/pdf/amyloid-beta-aggregation-implicates-multiple-pathways-in-3guytumo.pdf

Amyloid-beta aggregation implicates multiple pathways in Alzheimer’s disease: Understanding the mechanisms

Blood samples were obtained from 178 indigenous pigeons, comprising 103 males and 75 females, with the aim of determining the effect of season and sex on their packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and total proteins (TP) using routine laboratory procedures. The samples were obtained during the harmattan, hot and rainy seasons. Correlation coefficients between meteorological elements and PCV, Hb as well as TP, were negative during the hot season. The highest PCV and Hb values of 37.50 ± 1.23 (%) and 129.0 ± 03.0 g/L, respectively, were obtained during the rainy season, while the lowest PCV and Hb values of 29.12 ± 0.88 % and 97.2 ± 2.9 g/L, respectively, were obtained during the hot season. The TP values of 78.2 ± 13.0 g/L and 82.5 ± 10.0 g/L obtained during the hot and rainy seasons, respectively, were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the value of 64.5 ± 3.3 g/L obtained during the harmattan season. PCV and Hb values were higher (P<0.01) in male than in female pigeons during the three seasons. The results show seasonal and sex variations in PCV, Hb and TP values of indigenous pigeons. In conclusion, the rainy and harmattan seasons are apparently more conducive to the rearing of pigeons than the hot season in the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria.

/pdf/effects-of-season-and-sex-on-packed-cell-volume-haemoglobin-3qlxn5dojk.pdf

Effects of season and sex on packed cell volume, haemoglobin and total proteins of indigenous pigeons in Zaria, Northern Nigeria

A retrospective analysis of infectious bursal disease diagnosed at poultry unit of Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria.

Changes in values of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titre, rectal temperature (RT) and total protein (TP) were determined for Shaver Brown chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) Kudu 113. The infected chickens came down with Newcastle disease by day 3 post infection (PI). The major clinical signs were depression, greenish diarrhoea, paralysis of legs and wings, opisthotonus and torticolis. Mortality and morbidity were 52% and 100%, respectively. There were haemorrhagic lesions in the wall of the intestine, proventricular mucosa and caecal tonsils. There were necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration of the liver, kidney and spleen. There was a significant increase in daily mean HI antibody titres from days 3 to 9 PI. Similarly, significant rise in daily mean RTs were noticed in the infected chickens from days 1 to 13 PI. On the other hand, there was a decrease in daily mean TP concentrations of infected chickens, beginning from day 3 PI, and the lowest concentration of 2.60±0.15 g/dl was obtained by days 7 and 11 PI. The values of HI, RT and TP for the control chickens were relatively constant during the experiment. The correlation coefficient (r) between HI and RT was positive and highly significant (r = 0.725, p<0.001), while the relationship between HI and TP was negative but highly significant (r = –0.712, p<0.001). It was concluded that NDV Kudu 113 induced increases in values of HI and RT, which occurred concurrently with a decrease in TP concentrations of infected chickens.

Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies, rectal temperature and total protein of chickens infected with a local Nigerian isolate of velogenic Newcastle disease virus.

There is no documentation on the diseases of horses in Zaria, Nigeria. A study was therefore conducted at the Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (ABUVTH), Zaria, Nigeria to properly document the diseasesof horses in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Zaria, Nigeria. The most common disease encountered was helminthosis, accounting for 809 (82.3%) of all the diseases diagnosed. Tetanus and rabies, which were also diagnosed in horses in this study have long been recognised as major zoonoses. The public health significance of these diseases in Zaria, Nigeria is discussed. It is concluded that research should be conducted to develop parasite vaccines from parasite strains native to Zaria, Nigeria to ameliorate parasitic diseases of horses in this area.

pdf/prevalence-of-equine-diseases-in-the-northern-guinea-35wyaej8e2.pdf

Prevalence of equine diseases in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Zaria, Nigeria

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