Among the transition metal ions, copper is the third most abundant essential trace metal element in human body, and is also required by many living organisms for normal physiological processes, while excessive levels of Cu 2+ are highly toxic to organisms and generate enormous quantities of pollution to our living environment. It is an essential and key issue to devise more sensitive and selective fluorescent chemosensors to efficiently evaluate the Cu 2+ levels in environmental and biological systems. This review summarizes the important advances in fluorescent chemosensors for Cu 2+ , mainly made in the recent five years. Three types of chemosensors, namely ‘on-off’, ‘off-on’ and ‘ratiometric’, are categorized according to fluorescence signal changes, and each type is further classified into several sections according to the molecular structure features and/or recognition mechanisms. Additionally, the Cu 2+ -promoted reaction based chemosensors are also discussed by the different reactions like hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction. The molecular structures, recognition mechanism and applications of the fluorescent chemosensors are emphatically discussed, and the future perspective is overviewed briefly.

Fluorescent chemosensors for copper(II) ion: Structure, mechanism and application

A versatile small-molecule fluorescence scaffold: Carbazole derivatives for bioimaging

Recent advances in mitochondria- and lysosomes-targeted small-molecule two-photon fluorescent probes

Quantitative analysis of the L-tryptophan content in commercial products by chemosensor has not been reported yet. In this study, the chiral carbazole based sensor (CCS), bearing a chiral “urea-carboxylic acid” binding site was prepared. CCS was proved to be effective in the consecutive detection of Fe3+, L-tryptophan (Trp), and L-histidine (His) by naked eyes. CCS exhibits different color changes and fluorescent ‘turn-off’ response toward Fe3+ and Fe2+. The discrimination of these two oxidation states of iron by CCS is important to understand the iron-related biological reactions. The limit of detection for Fe3+ by CCS is 84 nM in a high water-content solution (99 % water). CCS sensor can act as a reversible fluorescence quenching sensor for Fe3+. The results of Job’s plot analysis and mass spectra reveal that Fe3+ binds to CCS with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The CCS-Fe3+ complex can sense tryptophan, or histidine by a dose-dependent turn-on fluorescent response in a high water-content solution (99 % water). The mass spectra suggest the sensing of L-histidine or L-tryptophan by CCS-Fe3+ was performed with a CCS-Fe3+: amino acid binding ratio of 1:1. In comparison with other chemosensors reported in the literature, CCS can detect the L-Trp and L-His with a low limit of detection (0.31 μM L-Trp, 7.64 μM L-His) in a high water content environment. Furthermore, the CCS - Fe3+ complex based chemosensor was successfully applied to quantify the L-tryptophan content in commercial sleep-improving capsules containing various ingredients. The measured L-tryptophan contents in two samples are close to the announced values.

A chiral carbazole based sensor for sequential “on-off-on” fluorescence detection of Fe3+ and tryptophan/histidine

Measurements of two-photon fluorescence excitation (TPE) spectra are presented for 11 common molecular fluorophores in the excitation wavelength range 690 nm < λ < 1050 nm. Results of excitation by ∼100-fs pulses of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser are corroborated by single-mode cw Ti:sapphire excitation data in the range 710 nm < λ < 840 nm. Absolute values of the TPE cross section for Rhodamine B and Fluorescein are obtained by comparison with one-photon-excited fluorescence, assuming equal emission quantum efficiencies. TPE action cross sections for the other nine fluorophores are also determined. No differences between one-photon- and two-photon-excited fluorescence emission spectra are found. TPE emission spectra are independent of excitation wavelength. With both pulsed and cw excitation the fluorescence emission intensities are strictly proportional to the square of the excitation intensity to within ±4% for excitation intensities sufficiently below excited-state saturation.

Measurement of two-photon excitation cross sections of molecular fluorophores with data from 690 to 1050 nm

A carbazole-based “turn-on” two-photon fluorescent probe for biological Cu2+ detection vis Cu2+-promoted hydrolysis

The invention discloses a colorimetric chemical sensor and a preparation method and application thereof. A structure of the colorimetric chemical sensor which takes carbazole as a parent body is as shown in the specification. Molecules of the colorimetric chemical sensor show specific response and high sensitivity in a coexisting system of halogen solvents and other interference agents, and the colorimetric chemical sensor is applicable to colorimetric detection of environmental halogen solvents.

Colorimetric chemical sensor and preparation method and application thereof

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A carbazole-based “turn-on” two-photon fluorescent probe for biological Cu2+ detection vis Cu2+-promoted hydrolysis

Colorimetric chemical sensor and preparation method and application thereof