The objective of this study is to investigate the hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road (OTR) tire rubber compounds based on typical operating conditions at mine sites. Cyclic tensile tests w...

Hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road tire rubber compounds based on operating conditions at mine sites:


 The objective of this study is to conduct a numerical investigation to examine the temperatures in off-the-road (OTR) tires under operating conditions at mine sites. To achieve this, a new mathematical equation was developed based on a modified Mooney-Rivlin (MR) strain energy function, the pseudo-elasticity theory, and the inverse analysis method. This equation was used to determine the internal heat generation rates of tire rubbers. With heat generation rates, the governing equation of heat conduction and the mathematical expression of boundary conditions were further generated to describe the heat transfer in tire rubbers. Based on these equations, a novel finite element (FE) OTR tire thermal (OTRTire-T) model was developed. This OTRTire-T model was used to numerically investigate the temperatures in OTR tires at vertical loads from 0.34 to 1.04 MN, hauling speeds from 5 to 30 km/h, and ambient temperatures from −30 to 30 °C. The results showed that a large vertical load (e.g., 1.04 MN) increased the tire rubber temperatures considerably. Tire rubber temperature also increased with a rise in hauling speeds, and the increase became more significant at larger vertical loads (e.g., 1.04 MN). The OTRTire-T model identified an inverse proportional relationship between the rubber temperature increments and the ambient temperatures from −30 to 30 °C. Nonetheless, the rubber temperature in the OTR tire increased relatively rapidly with a rise in ambient temperatures.

Numerical investigation of temperatures in ultra-large off-the-road tires under operating conditions at mine sites


 The objective of this study is to propose an analytical solution that can predict temperatures of dumbbell-shaped rubber specimens under cyclic deformation. To achieve this, first, a new mathematical equation was developed based on a modified Mooney-Rivlin (MR) strain energy function, the pseudo-elasticity theory, and the inverse analysis method. This equation was used to determine the internal heat generation rates of rubber compounds. With heat generation rates, the governing equation of heat conduction and the mathematical expression of boundary conditions were further generated to describe the heat transfer in rubber compounds. Based on these equations, a novel analytical solution was developed—the RTDS solution (a solution to predict Rubber Temperatures in Dumbbell-shaped Specimens). This RTDS solution was used to predict rubber temperatures in dumbbell-shaped specimens under cyclic deformation. The results showed that the RTDS solution took 11.9 seconds to derive the rubber temperature results with an average mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 9.2% compared with lab recordings. The RTDS solution identified a logarithmic increase in rubber temperatures at rising strain levels, and it also identified an increase in rubber temperatures with the rising strain rates. Moreover, the RTDS solution characterized an inverse proportional relationship between the rubber temperature increments and the ambient temperatures.

An analytical solution to predict temperatures of dumbbell-shaped rubber specimens under cyclic deformation

The heat build-up of 10 rubber compounds in a radial tire was investigated.The curves of heat build-up vs temperature or frequency for 10 compounds were respectively obtained by measu-ring the dynamic mechanical properties;and then the dual regression analysis was made to obtain the equations for the dependence of heat build-up of 10 compounds on temperature and frequency.The obtained equations could be used to quantitatively analyze the hysteresis heat source of tire temperature field.

Dependence of heat build-up of tire on temperature and frequency

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Dependence of heat build-up of tire on temperature and frequency