The objective of this work was to sequence the MyoD1, MyoG, MyF5, MyF6, and MSTN genes and to identify polymorphisms in Santa Ines sheep (Ovis aries). A total of 192 lambs with 240 days of age were evaluated, and these genes were sequenced to be compared with the reference sequence in the Ovis aries genome. Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Fragments containing 2,493 bp (MyoD1), 1,836 bp (MyoG), 2,813 bp (MyF5), 1,126 bp (MyF6), and 2,380 bp (MSTN) were obtained, and, in these sequences, 160 variants were identified. These polymorphisms were distributed as follows: 59 (MyoD1), 24 (MyoG), 63 (MyF5), 4 (MyF6), and 10 (MSTN). One hundred and four were novel polymorphisms, 45 in MyoD1, 2 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MSTN. Regarding site, 61 were in intron (27 in MyoD1, 16 in MyoG, 5 in MyF5, 3 in MyF6, and 10 in MSTN), 87 in coding region (22 in MyoD1, 8 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MyF6), and 12 on 3’UTR (10 in MyoD1 and 2 in MyF5). Therefore, the MyoD family and MSTN genes have several polymorphisms in Santa Ines sheep, which can be useful for association studies.

/pdf/polymorphisms-in-myod1-myog-myf5-myf6-and-mstn-genes-in-4l2ofk2tbr.pdf

Polymorphisms in MyoD1 , MyoG , MyF5 , MyF6 , and MSTN genes in Santa Inês sheep

China is abundant of sheep genetic resources. A total of 55 sequences containing the Ovis aries mtDNA D-loop of three large-fat-tailed sheep breeds, named Lanzhou, Tong, and Han were retrieved from GenBank to investigate their genetic diversity, origin, and phylogenetic evolution. The results showed that the sheep breeds in our study proved to be extremely diverse, the average haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.987 ± 0.006 and 0.03956 ± 0.00206, respectively. The 55 sequences gave 39 different haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were three distinct mtDNA haplogroups: A, B, and C, in which haplogroup A was predominant and had experienced population expansion events. Clustering analysis showed that the large-fat-tailed sheep breeds clustered into one group and were closely related to the Mongolian sheep and then European mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon). The results contribute to the knowledge of Chinese sheep breeds and the plan of conservation programs on large-fat-tailed sheep.

Mitochondrial DNA diversity, origin, and phylogenic relationships of three Chinese large-fat-tailed sheep breeds

The objectives of the present study were to estimate the genetic distance and to determine the discriminant variables among fighting and meat types sheep of Garut (Garut sheep). A total of 413 heads of Garut sheep from five sub-populations were used in this study. Data were collected from the Regional Animal Research Center (BPPTD) as follows: 102 heads of common type sheep from Margawati (M), 69 heads from meat type sheep from Wanaraja (P), 72 heads of meat type from Sukawening (D), 81 heads of fighting sheep from Wanaraja (T) and 89 heads of fighting sheep from Sukawening (A). Data obtained were analyzed by simple discriminant with SAS package program version 7.0 and MEGA2 program to get the construction of phenogram tree. The results showed that in general fighting sheep had body weights and body measurements significantly higher (P Key words: Garut sheep, genetic distance, body measurements

/pdf/estimasi-jarak-genetik-antar-domba-garut-tipe-tangkas-dengan-4hucwvtb4n.pdf

Estimasi Jarak Genetik antar Domba Garut Tipe Tangkas dengan Tipe Pedaging

The morphological discriminant and canonical analysis were carried out to estimate the phylogenic relationship and determine the discriminant variables between Indonesian local sheep of thin tail sheep from Jonggol (Bogor) and Garut and fat tail sheep from Indramayu (originated from East Java), Donggala, Madura, Kisar, Rote and Sumbawa. The number of sheep used was totally 818 heads collected from 8 populations, were Jonggol (185), Garut (74), Indramayu (100), Donggala (60), Madura (86) Kisar (231), Rote (52), and Sumbawa (30). Discriminant analysis used for body weight and body measurements were body length, wither height, chest width, chest depth, chest circumference, skull length, skull width, skull height, tail lenght, tail width, ear length and ear width. SAS package program was used to analyze the data. The results from analysis variant showed that the body weight and body measurenment of Garut sheep almost the same with sheep from Indramayu and significantly higher (P<0,05) compared to another breeds. Whereas, Kisar and Rote have body weight and body measurenment significantly lower (P<0,05) compared to another breeds. The results from Mahalanobis distance (phenogram tree) and canonical analyses showed that breeds were divided into five groups, the first group is Garut, the second is thin-tail sheep which existed in Jonggol, the third was fat-tailed sheep which existed in Kisar, Rote, and Sumbawa, the fourth is fat-tail sheep which existed in Donggala, and the fiveth was fat-tailed sheep which existed in Indramayu and Madura. The groups of sheep between Kisar and Rote had the smallest genetic distance value equal to 1,623 and groups between Donggala and Garut had the biggest genetic distance value equal to 7,994. The highest similarity between individual inside the group was obtained from Sumbawa (100%) and the lowest similarity was from Rote (72,41%). The results from canonical analyses showed that tail lenght, ear width, ear lenght, skull lenght, body lenght, and tail width were the most discriminant variables to determine the diferences between breeds.

Keragaan dan Hubungan Phylogenik antar Domba Lokal di Indonesia melalui Pendekatan Analisis Morfologi

Biochemical diversity or polymorphism is the occurrence of varieties attributed to biochemical differences which are under genetic control. It has created a leeway for the genetic improvement of farm animals. This is because it can be used as a useful tool for the characterization of livestock breeds and population. This way, the degree of similarity or differences within and between breeds can be ascertained and this differences or similarity are important raw materials for genetic improvement of animals. Data obtained on gene frequencies and genotypes through polymorphism study makes it not only possible to compare the gene stocks of animals, the possible effects of the genes on reproductive and performance traits, but also study genetic variability under different environmental conditions of selection. This study was carried out to review haemoglobin (Hb) polymorphism in selected farm animals with the view of finding out the type of polymorphism observed by starch gel electrophoresis due to variation in the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chains of Hb. The review showed clearly that there is a gene-controlled diversity in the different farm animals considered. This could serve as a reference point for future studies earmarked for the improvement of the animals possibly via marker-assisted selection.

/pdf/haemoglobin-polymorphism-in-selected-farm-animals-a-review-52yd5vxo6p.pdf

Haemoglobin polymorphism in selected farm animals-a review.

The phylogenetic relationships among 23 local sheep breeds and varieties in East Asia were determined based on allele frequency data for five informative and polymorphic blood protein and nonprotein loci (transferrin, arylesterase, hemoglobin-β, X-protein, and potassium transport) using electrophoresis and ion-densitometric techniques. Comparatively striking differences in the frequency distributions, especially of hemoglobin-β and X-protein alleles, were seen between the northern population of the Khalkhas, Bhyanglung, Baruwal, Jakar, Sakten, and five Chinese breeds and the southern population of the Bengal, Kagi, Lampuchhre, Myanmar, and Sipsu breeds. Clustering analyses using UPGMA and NJ methods and principal component analysis, using the data of all populations and loci tested, clearly demonstrated the difference. The two population groups are divided by the boundary of the Himalayas, and each diverged into three subgroups: Mongolian, Tibetan, and Himalayan groups in the north and Indian groups I, II, and III in the south. It was noted that the genetic differentiation of populations was more distinct in the northern group. These findings strongly suggest the existence of at least two large and phylogenetically different gene pools of sheep in East Asia.

Phylogenetic relationships among indigenous sheep populations in East Asia based on five informative blood protein and nonprotein polymorphisms.

【Objective】The objective of this study was to discuss developmental changes of gene expression of myostain (MSTN) and myogenin (MyoG) and their association analysis with carcass traits ,and the relationship of the expression level between MSTN gene and MyoG gene in Hu sheep.【Method】The developmental changes of gene expression of MSTN and MyoG on the early growth of Hu sheep were detected by RT-PCR analysis.【Result】MSTN gene expression in muscle of Hu sheep was the lowest at 2 days old,and tended to increase with the increasing age before 60 days,but after 60 days tended to decrease with increasing age.The MyoG gene expression in muscle of male sheep was the lowest at 2 days old,and tended to increase with the increasing age before 30 days,and after 30 days the expression first tended to decrease before 120 days(for male)or before 90 days (for female),and then tended to increase with the increasing age.Among most of different stages there were significant differences or extreme significant difference for MSTN and MyoG gene in males and females of Hu sheep.There was a significant or extremely significant difference between male and female in most of different stages.The expression level of the MSTN and MyoG genes all showed a positive correlation with liveweight,carcass weight and net meat weight,but only MSTN showed a significant relationship with net meat weight (0.01P0.05).MSTN gene showed an extremely significant positive relationship with MyoG(.P0.01).【Conclusion】The age and gender played a very important role in the expression of sheep muscle.MSTN and MyoG genes showed a similar variation pattern for the male and female.Both of MSTN and MyoG gene expression in muscle of Hu sheep did not always tend to increase or decrease with the increasing age.MSTN gene showed an extremely significant positive relationship with MyoG gene on the early growth of Hu sheep.

Developmental Changes of Gene Expression of Myostain and Myogenin Genes and Their Association Analysis with Carcass Traits in Hu Sheep

Applying method of simple random sampling to typical colony,65 Tong sheep and 63 Hu sheep in their central area of habitat were respectively examined in 5 body measurements,5 morphological and 6 ecological characters and 10 structural gene loci.Related data were quoted.(1)The principal component analyzing of 17 quantity indexes of 6 sheep populations in China were carried out,Hierarchical clustering based on principal component of 6 sheep populations indicated that 6 sheep populations can be classifed in two type,the first included Mongolia sheep(Moy) and Tan sheep(Tay) distributed in husbandry area and juncture of agriculture and husbandry area,the second included Daiweihan sheep(Dwh),Xiaoweihan sheep(Xwh),Tong sheep and Hu sheep distributed in agriculture area.(2)The mean heterozygosity and homozygosity and homozygosity of 12 sheep populations in China and the east and south of central Asia were calculated based on gene frequencies of 10 structural loci.The genetic diversity of 12 sheep populations were compared and 12 sheep populations can be divided into three types based on the level of heterozygosity.The study indicated that 4 ecological and 2 morphological characters and 4 body measurements have dominant effects on differentiation among sheep populations;Hu sheep,Tong sheep and Kh,Ub populations in Mongolia sheep system have abundant genetic diversity.

The Genetic diversity of some sheep populations in China and the East and South of Central Aisa

7 sheep microsatellite markers (OarFCB11,OarFCB128,MAF70,OarAE101,MAF33,OarFCB48 and OarFCB304) located on chromosome 2,4,6,9,17 and 19 respectively,were selected for examining the samples of Hu sheep,Tong sheep and Yantse River Delta White Goat (Csb) through PCR amplifying.The results displayed that:There are more than 7 alleles for each microsatellite locus.Mean heterozygosity (H) for Hu sheep,Tong sheep and Csb goat reached 0.909 2,0.917 7 and 0.886 7 respectively.The mean polymorphism information contents (PIC) for Hu sheep,Tong sheep and Csb goat was 0.902 4,(0.911 6) and 0.877 4 separately.Mean effective number of alleles (Ne) was 11.772 3,12.453 8 and (11.610 4).Tong sheep had highest level on above 3 indexes.By the standard of producing effective band,there were obvious difference in efficiency of PCR amplifying among populations and loci.Csb population and OarFCB128 locus had highest efficiency of PCR amplifying.The standard genetic distances between populations were computed based on alleles frequency of 7 microsatellite loci.The genetic distances between sheep and goat were much larger than between sheep populations.The phylogenetic distance coefficient (R) between Hu sheep and Tong sheep was 0.199 8.This study indicates:All 7 sheep microsatellite loci displayed high polymorphism;There were rich genetic variations existed in Hu,Tong sheep and Csb goat according to the analysis of the 7 microsatellite loci;The 7 microsatellite loci can be used for research on genetic differentiation between sheep and goat.

Investigation on polymorphism of 7 sheep microsatellite markers in sheep (goat) populations

Study on genetic diversity and genetic structure of Tibetan sheep populations.

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