RBC membrane camouflaged prussian blue nanoparticles for gamabutolin loading and combined chemo/photothermal therapy of breast cancer.

Carbon nanomaterials have received great attention from the scientific community over the past few decades because of their unique physical and chemical properties. In this minireview, we will summarize the recent progress of the use of various carbon nanomaterials in the field of cancer phototherapy. The structural characteristics of each category and the surface functionalization strategies of these nanomaterials will be briefly introduced before focusing on their therapeutic applications. Recent advances on their use in photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and combined phototherapies are presented. Moreover, a few challenges and perspectives on the development of carbon nanomaterials for future theranostics are also discussed.

Recent Advances in Carbon Nanomaterials for Cancer Phototherapy

Prussian blue nanoparticles: synthesis, surface modification, and biomedical applications

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are known to be classified into two types, metallic and semiconducting ones, on the basis of the electronic properties. SWNTs reveal photothermal effect (PTE) and photodynamic effect (PDE), which result from photoinduced generation of heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen ( 1 O2) and superoxide anion (O2 •– ), respectively. While PTE of SWNTs has received much attention for cancer therapy, a recent report suggests that PDE of carbon nanotubes can be used for protein inactivation through photogeneration of O2 •– . Here we report on the first comparison of the PTE and PDE of metallicand semiconducting-enriched SWNTs (m-SWNTs and sSWNTs) in details, demonstrating that PDE of sSWNTs can be an additional tool for photo killing of cancer cells [1]. Enrichment of each type of the nanotubes was performed according to the method reported by Kataura et al. [2]. In this method, s-SWNTs were adsorbed selectively to agarose gel beads. Based on Raman spectroscopy analysis, the ratio of m-SWNT : s-SWNT in the flow-through fraction and that in the adsorbed fraction was 55:45 and 14: 86, respectively. The structures of mand s-SWNTs were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Their AFM images showed that vast majority of s-SWNTs were individually isolated, while mSWNTs were significantly bundled. The PTE and PDE of sand m-SWNTs were compared under near-infrared laser irradiation at 808 nm. The temperature of mSWNT dispersion was elevated higher than that of sSWNT dispersion. This result indicated that m-SWNTs had higher PTE than s-SWNTs. The PDE was evaluated by fluorescently detecting the photo-generation of ROS. In Figure 1, photoinduced generation of 1O2 and O2 •– was obvious only for s-SWNTs. This result suggested that s-SWNTs had higher PDE than m-SWNTs. Although m-SWNTs used in this study contained a significant amount of semiconducting components, PDE of m-SWNTs was not detected. AFM measurements revealed that more than half of mSWNTs were bundled. From this data, aggregation quenching of semiconducting components as well as energy transfer quenching of semiconducting components by metallic ones in m-SWNTs was cited as a possible cause of the low PDE of m-SWNTs. Finally, the photo killing acitivity of s-SWNTs against cancer cells was examined upon near-infrared laser irradiation at 808 nm for 10 min. To reduce the cytotoxicity of deoxycholate involved in the aqueous dispersion of s-SWNTs, s-SWNTs were dialyzed against H2O after stabilized with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). As shown in Figre 2, HDLstabilized s-SWNTs (HDL-s-SWNTs) markedly decreased the cell viability by 45 %. Without the irradiation, HDL-s-SWNT did not affect the viability at all. These results clearly demonstrated that HDL-sSWNTs had photo killing activity. To gain insight into the mechanism responsible for the photo killing by HDL-s-SWNTs, the cells were irradiated in the presence of ROS quenchers, sodium azide (for 1O2) or mannnitol (for O2 •– and hydroxyl radical and the other free radicals). As shown in Figure 2, only sodium azide weakened the photo killing activity of s-SWNT. These results suggested that 1O2 generated through PDE of s-SWNTs were responsible for the photo killing. In conclusion, PDE and PTE of SWNTs have been evaluated extensively by using sand m-SWNTs for the first time. sand m-SWNTs had higher PDE and PTE, respectively. Another important finding in this study was that s-SWNTs, stabilized with HDL, caused photo killing of cancer cells through 1O2 generation like the other photosensitizers. Our study provides fundamental insights for dveloping SWNTs-based cancer therapies.

Photodynamic and Photothermal Effects of Semiconducting and Metallic-Enriched Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Cancer Cell Killing

Nanotheranostic agents (NTAs) that integrate diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic functions have great potential for personalized medicine, yet poor tumor specificity severely restricts further clinical applications of NTAs. Here, a pro-NTA (precursor of nanotheranostic agent) activation strategy is reported for in situ NTA synthesis at tumor tissues to enhance the specificity of tumor therapy. This pro-NTA, also called PBAM, is composed of an MIL-100 (Fe)-coated Prussian blue (PB) analogue (K2 Mn[Fe(CN)6 ]) with negligible absorption in the near-infrared region and spatial confinement of Mn2+ ions. In a mildly acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), PBAM can be specifically activated to synthesize the photothermal agent PB nanoparticles, with release of free Mn2+ ions due to the internal fast ion exchange, resulting in the "ON" state of both T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging and photoacoustic signals. In addition, the combined Mn2+ -mediated chemodynamic therapy in the TME and PB-mediated photothermal therapy guarantee a more efficient therapeutic performance compared to monotherapy. In vivo data further show that the pro-NTA activation strategy could selectively brighten solid tumors and detect invisible lymph node metastases with high specificity.

Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Triggered Ion Exchange of a Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid for Multimodal Imaging and Synergistic Therapy of Tumors

Design and development of photosensitizers that can efficiently convert energy of near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation are of major importance for cancer photoassisted therapeutics. Herein, for the first time, it is demonstrated that Prussian blue (PB), a classic coordination compound, can act as a novel photosensitizer with efficient generation of singlet oxygen and excellent photothermal conversion via NIR photoirradiation-induced energy transfer. After modification with hyaluronic acid (HA), the as-prepared HA-modified PB nanocubes (HA@PB) are highly dispersible in aqueous and physiological solutions, as well as show excellent photothermal/photodynamic activities under NIR (808 nm) photoexcitation. On the basis of these features, HA@PB is used to study their in vitro and in vivo combined therapeutic effect. Owing to the CD44 ligand of HA, HA@PB have specific uptake by CD44-positive cells in vitro and can be precisely in vivo delivered to the tumor site. HA@PB as one of the synergistically photodynamic...

Water-Dispersible Prussian Blue Hyaluronic Acid Nanocubes with Near-Infrared Photoinduced Singlet Oxygen Production and Photothermal Activities for Cancer Theranostics.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of metal-polyphenol nano-particles. The preparation method comprises the following steps: weighing a certain amount of tannic acid and a certain amount of ammonium metavanadate, separately dissolving the tannic acid and the ammonium metavanadate into distilled water, and uniformly stirring for subsequent use; heating an ammonium metavanadate solution, and stirring to obtain a golden yellow solution, namely a vanadium oxide solution; adding the vanadium oxide solution in a tannic acid solution, and heating and reacting to obtain a black solution; and carrying out dialysis to obtain the final product. The product has biodegradability, and the preparation method is a novel method for preparing the metal-polyphenol nano-particles forphotothermal therapy. The preparation method is simple and convenient to operate, and the raw materials are cheap and easily obtained. The metal-polyphenol nano-particles prepared by the method not only can be absorbed well in a near-infrared region like a traditional photothermal reagent and can be used for photothermal therapy of cancers, but also particularly has biodegradability, facilitatesinternal excretion, is not residual in a living body, and has wide application prospect.

Preparation method and application of metal-polyphenol nano-particles

The invention discloses a preparation method and an application of a glutathione response vanadium oxide nano-particle. Ammonium metavanadate and hyaluronic acid are synthesized by a one-step method to obtain the nano-particle. The preparation method of the nano-particle is simple, raw materials are low in cost and easy to get, and the vanadium oxide nano-particle modified by the hyaluronic acid has the advantages that the nano-particle is good biocompatibility and has good dispersibility in water solution and the like. The nano-particle has good absorbing ability in a near infrared region after being incubated by glutathione, near-infrared light can be converted into heat energy, and the nano-particle can be used for photothermal therapy and has wide application prospects in the field ofphotothermal therapy for cancers.

Preparation method and application of glutathione response vanadium oxide nano-particle

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Water-Dispersible Prussian Blue Hyaluronic Acid Nanocubes with Near-Infrared Photoinduced Singlet Oxygen Production and Photothermal Activities for Cancer Theranostics.

Preparation method and application of metal-polyphenol nano-particles

Preparation method and application of glutathione response vanadium oxide nano-particle