Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria

Zn-doped nano-scale TiO2 is a useful material in the production of both hydrogen energy and LEDs. However, scientists have raised concerns regarding the toxicity of nano-scale materials. In this study, we investigated the biological toxicity of nano-scale Zn (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mol%)-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 nanoparticles using the freshwater cnidarian Hydra magnipapillata as our model organism. Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a conventional hydrothermal method for the insertion of zinc into the TiO2 framework. The character of Zn-doped TiO2 (0.1%, 0.5%, 1% Zn) and pure TiO2 was 7-8 nm with a positive surface charge. The size was smaller than that used in previous research on the toxicity of nano-scale materials. Although, in this study, we found no significant biological toxicity in Hydra magnipapillata, there was some damage under Zn-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 UV-A photocatalysis conditions. We assessed that the damage was not linked to the nanoparticles, but rather due to the photocatalytic reaction. Moreover, Zn-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 nanoparticles were not shown to cause cytotoxic effects, like apoptosis and necrosis that are the major markers of toxicity in organisms exposed to nanomaterials. There was no difference in necrosis or apoptosis, as viewed with a confocal laser microscope, between the Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticleexposed group and control groups. This study suggests that particles under 10 nm in size do not exhibit biological toxicity and that the small particle size of Zndoped TiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles decreases photocatalytic photocatalytic effect.

The effect of nano-scale Zn-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 particles on Hydra magnipapillata

Context: Saussurea lappa Dence (Compositae) is used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat abdominal pain and tenesmus in East Asia. Current studies have shown that S. lappa has anticancer activity in divergent of cancer cells. However, the effects of S. lappa on oral cancer and its mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated.Objective: To explore its potential chemotherapeutic effects and mechanism of cell growth inhibition on human oral cancer cells.Materials and methods: The dried roots of S. lappa were used in this study. Cell viability of KB cells was evaluated by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after treatment with 30 µg/ml of methanol extract from the dried roots of S. lappa. To understand whether its effect on cell death is related with apoptosis pathway, we performed DNA fragmentation assay, western blot, caspase activity assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis.Results: Treatment of S. lappa extract onto KB cells reduced cel...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/13880209.2013.792847

Anticancer activity of Saussurea lappa extract by apoptotic pathway in KB human oral cancer cells

Flavonoids are abundant in plants as secondary metabolites where they have antioxidant activities. The diverse and non-specific inhibition of several enzymes, including avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RT), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RT, murine leukemia virus RT, HIV-1 protease, trypsin and elastase, were tested for by observing the effects of several flavonoid compounds. Some of the flavonoids were reconfirmed as antiretroviral agents as previously shown by others. Flavonoids belonging to the flavonol or flavone group simultaneously inhibited reverse transcriptases and proteases. On the contrary, flavonoids belonging to the flavanol, isoflavone or flavanone group were less likely to inhibit reverse transcriptase or protease. Vegetables and fruits rich in flavonoids have become integral and even necessary in the animal diet, suggesting that flavonoids may have developed to play beneficiary roles for not only the plants themselves but also the predator animals.

Flavonoids as potential inhibitors of retroviral enzymes

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection has been declared world pandemic causing a worrisome number of deaths, especially among vulnerable citizens, in 209 countries around the world Although several therapeutic molecules are being tested, no effective vaccines or specific treatments have been developed Since the COVID-19 outbreak, different traditional herbal medicines with promising results have been used alone or in combination with conventional drugs to treat infected patients Here, we review the recent findings regarding the use of natural products to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for this preventive or therapeutic effect are discussed We conducted literature research using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO website Dissertations and theses were not considered Only the situation reports edited by the WHO were included The different herbal products (extracts) and purified molecules may exert their anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions by direct inhibition of the virus replication or entry Interestingly, some products may block the ACE-2 receptor or the serine protease TMPRRS2 required by SARS-CoV-2 to infect human cells In addition, natural products were shown to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 life-cycle related proteins such as papain-like or chymotrypsin-like proteases In conclusion, we suggest that natural products could be used alone or in combination as alternative medicines to treat/prevent COVID-19 infection Moreover, their structures may offer clues for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs FAU - Benarba, Bachir

Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19. LID - 1189

Subchronic toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of Cassia tora L. seeds in rats.

SETTING Referral hospital, South Korea. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of and factors related to latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) among all hospital employees. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of 479 health care workers (HCWs) undergoing LTBI screening. RESULTS Overall prevalence of LTBI was 15.7%, 43.1% of whom initiated and completed LTBI treatment. Compared with HCWs without LTBI, those with LTBI were more likely to be older (P < 0.001), male (P = 0.003), work in low-risk departments (P = 0.013) and have more years of employment (P < 0.001). LTBI prevalence was highest in physicians (27.8%), followed by HCWs without patient contact (23.4%), nurses (8.3%) and other HCWs in contact with patients (6.9%). In multivariate analysis, compared with HCWs aged <20 years, those aged 40 years were 4.08 times more likely to have LTBI (P = 0.007). In addition, compared with HCWs working for <1 year, those working for 1-5 years or for 5 years were respectively 7.55 (P = 0.014) and 13.69 (P = 0.001) times more likely to have LTBI. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that modified LTBI screening strategies, including HCWs with no patient contact and encouraging LTBI treatment participation, might be helpful in improving LTBI control in HCWs.

Prevalence of and factors related to latent tuberculous infection among all employees in a referral hospital.

돌단풍 지상부를 80% MeOH로 추출하고, 얻어진 추출물을 EtOAc, n-BuOH 및 $H_2O$ 로 용매 분획하였다. 이 중 EtOAc 및 n-BuOH 분획으로부터 silica gel chromatography를 반복하여 5개의 화합물을 분리하였다. 각 화합물의 화학구조는 NMR, MS 및 IR 등의 스펙트럼 데이터를 해석하여, astragalin (1), kaempferol 3-O- ...

돌단풍(Aceriphyllum rossii)에서 분리한 플라보노이드의 항암활성

We previously reported the potential of Senna tora L. seeds fermented by Lactobacillus casei (FSL) as a laxative agent in a loperamide-induced constipation rat model. Here, we examine the mechanism of action of FSL and its bioactive compound, revealed herein, on loperamide-induced constipation Sprague Dawley rat model. We identified the compound aurantio-obtusin (AO) using HPLC quantitative analysis. Rats were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (eight rats each)-normal and constipated groups (loperamide, FSL [100, 300, 500 mg/kg], and AO [1 mg/kg]). The FSL and AO-treated group showed an increase in the frequency, amount, and water content of feces in the constipated rat. Moreover, FSL and AO increased the intestinal transit speed in the constipated rat. Histological analysis revealed that FSL and AO recovered the intestinal mucus, the number of goblet cells, as well as thickness of the mucosa layer and muscle. Furthermore, the protein levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, which is involved in intestine contraction, were recovered in the FSL and AO-treated group. Its downstream signaling pathway (p-protein kinase C) was recovered by FSL and AO treatment. In conclusion, fermentation of S. tora L. seeds increases AO, which improves intestinal function, indicating that FSL is effective for treating constipation.

Effect of Lactobacillus casei fermented Senna tora L. seeds and its active compound via muscarinic M3 signaling on the improvement of intestinal function in rats

2β, 3α, 23-trihydroxyrus-12-ene-28-oic acid induces the apoptosis of human hepatoma HepG2 cells

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