Although dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) make promising progress for solar energy conversion to electrical energy, there are still great need for further research work to develop an efficient sensitizer with a simple synthetic protocol. In this study, two chromophores (E)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(5-(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-dioxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-1-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylonitrile (DPP-BTH1) and 3-(5-(2,2-bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)vinyl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPP-BTH2) are developed with broad range of absorption. The benzothiazole subunit 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile (BTH1) and bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)methane (BTH2) auxiliary subunits were incorporated at the 5-(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-dioxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-1-yl) thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (DPP) core. DSSC devices with DPP-BTH1/CdS and DPP-BTH2/CdS nanowire photoelectrode under AM 1.5 G sun illumination exhibited power conversion efficiency of about 0.30 % and 0.45 %, respectively. The PCE is three and four-fold higher than that of bare CdS nanowire-based DSSC devices. These simple chromophores provide a promising perspective for next-generation photovoltaic devices to harvest sunlight efficiently. 

Benzothiazole functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole photosensitizer for CdS nanowire based DSSC applications

Abstract Herein, polythiophene-based supercapacitor electrode materials were successfully synthesized by the electropolymerization method. Thymol blue, bromothymol blue, and bromophenol blue were added to the polythiophene polymerization medium as dopants, and the energy storage properties of the thiophene-based electrode material were investigated. Polythiophene/bromothymol blue (PTh/BTB) gave the polythiophene an interesting zigzag morphology, which is unique in the literature (specific surface area of PTh/BTB and PTh: 32.629 m 2 g −1 and 13.812 m 2 g −1 ). The electrode performance of PTh/BTB shows a maximum specific capacitance of 443.5 F g −1 at 5 mV s −1 . The symmetrical supercapacitor achieved a maximum energy density of 9.7 Wh kg −1 and a maximum power density of 5000 W kg −1 . The capacitance retention value exhibited a steady state of 79.2% up to 10,000 cycles. Graphical abstract 

pdf/synthesis-of-polythiophene-with-zigzag-morphology-on-pencil-31gnht1qpw.pdf

Synthesis of polythiophene with zigzag morphology on pencil graphite electrode and investigation of energy storage properties in supercapacitors

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) functionalized with 2-(3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-ylidene) malononitrile (TCF) material coined as DPP-TCF was designed and synthesized. DPP-TCF exhibited strong absorption bands in solution as well as thin-film form. Herein, we report construction of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on DPP-TCF anchored on CdS nanowires (NWs) coated on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate with the device architecture FTO/CdS compact/CdS nanowire/DPP-TCF chromophore/electrolyte/ platinum coated FTO. As-fabricated DSSC device based on DPP-TCF and CdS nanowires exhibited power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.427%. Thus, the present work successfully displayed the utilization of DPP-TCF as an efficient light harvester in DSSC applications. This approach can also be employed to design and development of other DPP based organic molecular chromophores for DSSC applications. 

2-(3-Cyano-4,5,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-ylidene)malononitrile Functionalized Diketopyrrolopyrrole: Synthesis and Solar Cell Applications

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based polymer semiconductors have drawn great attention in the field of organic electronics due to the planar structure, decent solubilizing capability, and high crystallinity. However, the electron‐deficient capacity of DPP derivatives are not strong enough, leading to relatively high‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the corresponding polymers. As a result, n‐type and ambipolar DPP‐based polymers are rare and their electron mobilities also lag far behind the p‐type counterparts, which limits the development of important p‐n‐junction‐based electronic devices. Therefore, new design strategies have been proposed recent years to develop n‐type/ambipolar DPP‐based polymers with improved performances. In this view, these molecular design strategies are summarized, including copolymerization of DPP with different acceptors and weak donors, DPP flanked aromatic ring modification, DPP‐core ring expansion and DPP dimerization. The relationship between the chemical structures and organic thin‐film transistor performances is intensively discussed. Finally, a perspective on future trends in the molecular design of DPP‐based n‐type/ambipolar polymers is also proposed. 

Rational Molecular Design of Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based n‐Type and Ambipolar Polymer Semiconductors

Organic material (OM) offers an opportunity to utilize renewable sources to fabricate electrode materials for supercapacitor (SC) applications. OM electrodes have shown great potential in SC applications due to lower cost, lower device weight, high energy density, high power density and longer cycling stability with excellent faradaic reversible redox reactions. Among the reported materials, naphthalene diimide (NDI) is a promising n-type OM to be utilized for fabrication of electrode for pseudocapacitor (PSC) applications. Herein, four thiophene functionalized core substituted NDI (NDI-Th) is designed as donor (D)-acceptor (A) scaffolds to be used as active electrode materials in combination with graphite foil (GF). The NDI-Th could provide redox active surface resulting into higher capacitance due to the PSC charge storage mechanism due to higher conductivity. In a three-electrode PSC system, NDI-Th/GF in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte shows specific capacitance (Csp) of 173.33F g-1 at 0.5 A/g current density. Moreover, in two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor configuration, the NDI-Th/GF based electrode provides a Csp of 77.76F/g at 0.5 A/g current density and a stable cycle life with 84.83 % capacitance retention after 10,000 GCD cycles. An impressive energy density was found to be 11.66 Wh kg−1 at 899.92 W kg−1 power density. The NDI-Th/GF electrode material in this work pave a new way to design and fabricate OM based electrodes for high-performance energy storage devices. 

An efficient organic supercapacitor based on four thiophene substituted naphthalene diimide unit

In this review, we described the synthesis of various 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs). We begin with a discussion of the various synthetic protocols collected for DPPs, we discuss first method is the Reformatski reaction and then followed by other routes. Later, we discussed the functionalization of DPP building blocks via N-alkylation along with aromatic substituents at the 3- and 6- positions and also explored modification at the carbonyl groups utilising diverse catalysts. We also give the brief importance of DPPs in high-quality pigments and the detailed reactions of DPPs with electrophiles, nucleophiles, and metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. Nevertheless, there has been magnificent development in the field of DPPs with respect to modification to the core (3- and 6- positions) and also in ketone position of DPPs, which tune their optical and photophysical properties. That may eventually suitable for future development of solar cells for real world applications to meet tomorrow's energy demand to supply to community. 

A minireview on diketopyrrolopyrrole chemistry: Historical perspective and recent developments

A donor-acceptor composed of two 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazoles (DTCs) and fused pyrazine (Pyz; 1)-anthraquinone (AQ; 1) was successfully synthesized. The as-fabricated DTCz-Pyz-AQ/graphite foil (GF) electrode in supercapacitor (SC) applications exhibited excellent specific capacitance (Csp) of about 304. 37 F g-1 and 106.0 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 current density in three electrode and symmetric two electrode configurations of SC cells, respectively, accompanied by good cycling stability. The highest energy density of the SSC cell was found to be 15.94 W h kg-1 at 899.71 W kg-1 power density. As a proof of concept DTCz-Pyz-AQ/GF (D-A/GF) has great potential in energy storage (ES) applications. 

Donor-acceptor molecular architecture involving carbazole/pyrazine/anthraquinone units for efficient supercapacitor applications.

For the first time acceptor-π-donor-π-acceptor (A-π-D-π-A) based Y-type organic electrode material have been designed and successfully utilized in supercapacitor (SC) application. This Y-type molecular architecture coined as AQ-Im-PTZ-Im-AQ based on anthraquinone (AQ) (A)-imidazole (Im) (π)- phenothiazine (PTZ) (D)- imidazole (Im) (π)-anthraquinone (AQ) (A) in combination with graphite foil (GF). As-fabricated PTZ-Im-AQ/GF and AQ-Im-PTZ-Im-AQ/GF electrode have shown the good energy storage properties in three-electrode supercapacitor system. Moreover, two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device based on AQ-Im-PTZ-Im-AQ/GF electrode exhibited specific capacitance (Csp) of 68.97 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 current density. The specific electron density (ED) of SSC was observed to be 12.06 Wh kg-1 at a specific power density (PD) of 1798.50 W kg-1. The SSC device exhibited 81.62% of Csp retention after 5000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles.  For real world applications, AQ-Im-PTZ-Im-AQ/GF electrode was tested in symmetric Csp coin cell with applied potential voltage window of -0.4 to 1.0 V was found to be 112.32 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. Moreover, it realized high specific capacitance and high energy density of 19.66 Wh kg-1 at 891.94 W kg-1 power density. As a results, AQ-Im-PTZ-Im-AQ/GF make as an attractive electrode material for application in next-generation SCs.

Y-Shaped Acceptor-π-Donor-π-Acceptor Configured Anthraquinone-Tethered Phenothiazine Molecular Scaffold for High-Performance Organic Pseudocapacitors.

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A minireview on diketopyrrolopyrrole chemistry: Historical perspective and recent developments

Donor-acceptor molecular architecture involving carbazole/pyrazine/anthraquinone units for efficient supercapacitor applications.

An efficient organic supercapacitor based on four thiophene substituted naphthalene diimide unit

Y-Shaped Acceptor-π-Donor-π-Acceptor Configured Anthraquinone-Tethered Phenothiazine Molecular Scaffold for High-Performance Organic Pseudocapacitors.