A Gd-doped Mg-Al-LDH/Au nanocomposite for CT/MR bimodal imagings and simultaneous drug delivery

Ferrocene-functionalized Ni(II)-based metal-organic framework as electrochemical sensing interface for ratiometric analysis of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+

Recent developments in electrochemical detection of cadmium

As one of the main pollutants, heavy metal ions can accumulate in the human body and cause a cascade of damage. Electrochemical sensors provide great prospects for tracing heavy metal ions because of their properties of high sensitivity, low detection limits and fast response. Electrode surface modification materials play a key role in enhancing the performance of electrochemical sensors. Herein, we summarize in detail the recent work on electrochemical sensors modified by carbon nanomaterials (graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes), metal nanomaterials (gold, silver, bismuth and iron), complexes (MOFs, ZIFs and MXenes) and their composites for the detection of heavy metal ions (mainly include Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), As(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) in food and water. The synthetic strategies, mechanisms, innovations, advantages, challenges and prospects of various electrode modification nanomaterials for the detection of heavy metal ions in food and water are discussed. 

Recent advance of nanomaterials modified electrochemical sensors in the detection of heavy metal ions in food and water.

A proof-of-principle concept for free-electrodeposited anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) sensing of Cu2+ is proposed by using Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon black (Ti3C2Tx@CB) nanohybrids as electrode materials. Owing to the high adsorption and reduction capability of Ti3C2Tx towards Cu2+, Ti3C2Tx MXene enables Cu2+ to be immobilized and self-reduced directly to form Cu0 on the Ti3C2Tx@CB electrode surface. As a result an oxidation peak current appears from the re-oxidation of Cu0 via differential pulse voltammetry. Carbon black (CB) was introduced to prevent Ti3C2Tx Mxene aggregation and improve the related electron transfer as well as enhance their surface area. After optimizing various conditions, a considerable low limit of detection (4.6 nM) and a wide linear range (0.01–15.0 μM) for Cu2+ were achieved at the working potential from − 0.3 V to 0.0 V (vs SCE). Relative standard deviation (RSD) of eight individual Ti3C2Tx@CB electrodes is 3.72%, and the recoveries from tap water sample and lake water sample were in the ranges of 97.0–108% and 104–107%, respectively.

Free-electrodeposited anodic stripping voltammetry sensing of Cu(II) based on Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon black.

An electrochemical sensor is described for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-aminium chloride homopolymer ionic liquid doped into magnesium(II)-aluminium(III) layered double hydroxides. The morphology investigations suggest that the material possesses typical interconnected laminated micropores and a mesoporous architecture dispersed on the surface of the GCE. This accelerates mass diffusion and facilitates the deposition-stripping process of metal ions. Key operational parameters including pH, deposition potential, deposition time and the quantity of nanomaterial on the GCE were optimized. The following figures of merit for the ions Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ are obtained under optimum conditions: (a) detection limits of 250, 25, 250 and 16 ng L−1; (b) linear ranges from 0.5 to 20, 0.05 to 20, 0.5 to 20 and 0.05 to 20 μg L−1, and (c) peak potentials of −768, +42, +302 and − 541 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). The modified GCE was successfully applied to the determination of these ions in spiked black tea extract and in dried tangerine peel.

A nanocomposite consisting of ionic liquid-functionalized layered Mg(II)/Al(III) double hydroxides for simultaneous electrochemical determination of cadmium(II), copper(II), mercury(II) and lead(II).

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A nanocomposite consisting of ionic liquid-functionalized layered Mg(II)/Al(III) double hydroxides for simultaneous electrochemical determination of cadmium(II), copper(II), mercury(II) and lead(II).