Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Structural Engineering: A Scientometrics Review of Trends and Best Practices

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and –practice on various methodologies developed to control the wind-induced vibration of tall buildings. Tall buildings experience wind-induced vibration in the along- and across-wind directions depending on the wind direction, building shape, height, and structural properties. It is possible to control the wind response of buildings through passive, active, and semi-active systems. Damping systems, which are widely used to reduce the structural vibrations, are reviewed, and their performance in alleviating the building vibration is discussed. It was found that the application of conventional dampers needs to be reassessed to ensure their efficiency in dissipating the energy, especially caused by wind loads. Specific attention has been given to the aerodynamic modification of building shapes considering their effectiveness and high popularity within the wind engineering community. A comprehensive review of the existing wind tunnel experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies are conducted here to present the past and recent achievements on the response mitigation of tall buildings. A comparative study on the performance of different systems has been provided that can provide a point to commence from for future studies. The existing challenges and their solutions are explained, and suggestions for future studies are proposed. It is expected that the information provided in this paper will facilitate further research in the area of vibration mitigation of tall buildings under wind events.

Methodologies to mitigate wind-induced vibration of tall buildings: A state-of-the-art review

Study on wind aerodynamic and flow characteristics of triangular-shaped tall buildings and CFD simulation in order to assess drag coefficient

The present paper is centered on the study to understand the behavior of various surfaces of a ‘Z’ plan-shaped tall building under varying wind directions. For that purpose, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package of ANSYS is used. The length scale is considered as 1:300. Force coefficients both in the along and across wind direction as well as the external surface pressure coefficients for different faces of the object building are determined and listed for wind incidence angle 0°–150° with increment of 30°. The wind flow pattern around the building showing flow separation characteristics and vortices are presented. The variation of wind pressure on different surfaces of the building is clearly shown by contour plots. The nature of deviation of external pressure coefficients along the height of the building as well as along the perimeter of the building for different wind angles of attack is presented. The force coefficient (C
 f) along the X direction is extreme for 15° wind angle and along Y direction it is maximum for 60° angle of attack. Unsteady vortices are generated in the wake region due to a combination of positive and negative pressure in the windward and leeward faces, respectively.

/pdf/wind-effects-on-z-plan-shaped-tall-building-a-case-study-4awq185ja5.pdf

Wind effects on ‘Z’ plan-shaped tall building: a case study

Roof shape and slope are both important parameters for the safety of a structure, especially when facing wind loads. The present study demonstrates the pressure variations due to wind load on the pyramidal roof of a square plan low-rise building with 15% wall openings through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. Many studies on roofed structures have been performed in the past; however, a detailed review of the literature indicates that the majority of these studies focused on flat, hip, gable and spherical roofs only. There is a lack of research that analyses these effects on pyramidal roof buildings. ANSYS (Analysis System) ICEM (Integrated Computer Engineering and Manufacturing)-CFD and ANSYS Fluent commercial packages have been used for modelling and simulation, respectively, and ANSYS CFD Post was used to obtain the results. A realizable k–e turbulent model was used for the pressure distribution on the roof of the building model. In the present study, twenty-four models with different roof slopes (α), i.e. 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°, with various wind incidence angles (ϴ), i.e. 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 75° were investigated. The influence of roof slope and wind incidence angle are analysed in this study. Results have been represented through pressure coefficient (Cp) contours on the roof surface and velocity streamlines of the flow field of the different cases. The optimization of the roof slope may be achieved by considering different wind incidence angles for buildings so that they may better withstand wind force in a specific area. When wind pressure coefficients from building models with openings were compared with pressure coefficients from building models without openings, it was found that the pressure coefficients for building models without openings are almost twice or three times that of the pressure coefficients for models with openings.

/pdf/effects-of-roof-slope-and-wind-direction-on-wind-pressure-q3qip71zq2.pdf

Effects of roof slope and wind direction on wind pressure distribution on the roof of a square plan pyramidal low-rise building using CFD simulation

This paper presents the results of wind tunnel studies and numerical studies on a \'+\' plan shaped tall building. The experiment was carried out in an open circuit wind tunnel on a 1:300 scale rigid model. The mean wind pressure coefficients on all the surfaces were studied for wind incidence angle of 0 and 45. Certain faces were subjected to peculiar pressure distribution due to irregular formation of eddies caused by the separation of wind flow. Moreover, commercial CFD packages of ANSYS were used to demonstrate the flow pattern around the model and pressure distribution on various faces. k-e and SST viscosity models were used for numerical study to simulate the wind flow. Although there are some differences on certain wall faces, the numerical result is having a good agreement with the experimental results for both wind incidence angle.

Wind load on irregular plan shaped tall building - a case study

The present study demonstrates the pressure distribution on various faces of ‘E’ plan shaped tall buildings under wind excitation. Experimental and analytical studies were carried out using wind angles varying from 0° to 180° with an interval of 30°. The experimental study was conducted by open circuit boundary layer wind tunnel; whereas the analytical study was conducted with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique using ANSYS CFX software package using k-e turbulence model. A rigid model (made of perspex sheet) was used for wind tunnel test with a model scale of 1:300. Mean pressure coefficients of all the faces are found for all wind incidence angles and pressure contours are plotted on all the surfaces for 0° wind angles. Mean pressure coefficients are also calculated by CFD technique and the results have a good agreement with experimental results. Also, pressure contours on all the faces for a 0° wind angle are plotted and the contours are almost similar to those of experimental investigation. The flow pattern around the building model is also shown to understand the variation of pressures on different faces for a particular wind angle.

/pdf/wind-induced-pressure-on-y-plan-shape-tall-building-3at4naa0bf.pdf

Wind induced pressure on \'Y\' plan shape tall building

Due to shortage of land and architectural aesthetics, sometimes the buildings are constructed as unconventional in plan. The wind force acts differently according to the plan shape of the building. So, it is of utter importance to study wind force or, more specifically wind pressure on an unconventional plan shaped tall building. To address this issue, this paper demonstrates a comprehensive study on mean pressure coefficient of \'E\' plan shaped tall building. This study has been carried out experimentally and numerically by wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation respectively. Mean wind pressures on all the faces of the building are predicted using wind tunnel test and CFD simulation varying wind incidence angles from 0 to 180 at an interval of 30. The accuracy of the numerically predicted results are measured by comparing results predicted by CFD with experimental results and it seems to have a good agreement with wind tunnel results. Besides wind pressures, wind flow patterns are also obtained by CFD for all the wind incidence angles. These flow patterns predict the behavior of pressure variation on the different faces of the building. For better comparison of the results, pressure contours on all the faces are also predicted by both the methods. Finally, polynomial expressions as the sine and cosine function of wind angle are proposed for obtaining mean wind pressure coefficient on all the faces using Fourier series expansion. The accuracy of the fitted expansions are measured by sum square error, R2 value and root mean square error.

Investigation of mean wind pressures on \'E\' plan shaped tall building

Irregular and unsymmetrical buildings are the modern trend for architectural and structural engineers, and this type of structure is always taken special care to design. This study focuses on the comparison between two setback buildings. Pressure, force, and torsional moment coefficients are highlighted in this study. The suction at the roof top of single-side setback is 95.84% higher than the both-side setback model. Torsional moment of both-side setback model is 259.02% higher than the single-side setback model. This study says that the both-side setback model is more susceptible than the single-side setback model.

Comparison of aerodynamic coefficients of setback tall buildings due to wind load

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