Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination

Industrial heat is important in Europe’s energy consumption and dominated by fossil fuels. Therefore, promoting renewables in this sector is vital to move Europe towards a low-carbon economy. Since solid biomass is the only renewable with significant industrial use, it is crucial to know the status of its present use and to analyze the prospects of its future utilization by the industry. The current European industrial energy consumption is reviewed, with a focus on bioheat. The available solid biomass feedstock and energy conversion alternatives are examined, along with future perspectives for further biomass consumption in several industrial sectors. Defining global strategies for industrial heat is not easy because of the diversity of industrial processes. Combustion dominates industrial heat production from biomass, but gasification systems are already commercially available. Combined heat and power production is mainly based on steam cycles. The full temperature range required by industry can be attained with biomass efficiently. The use of biomass-fired systems is generalized in the industries that generate solid biomass by-products, but the implementation of additional, more efficient and alternative biomass uses should be sought. Biomass penetration into sectors with no own biomass resources is more difficult. Major barriers are the high investment costs of biomass systems, strong competition with fossil fuels, and feedstock availability and security of supply. Although Europe’s solid biomass production and consumption are almost balanced, the pressure on resources is increasing. Therefore, it is important that resources are monitored and that sustainability is taken into consideration.

Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry

The decarbonisation of industry is a bottleneck for EU's 2050 target of climate neutrality. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Here, we present the results from a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of the energy use in eleven industrial sectors (accounting for 92% of Europe's industry CO2 emissions), and estimate the technological potential for industry electrification in three stages. 78% of the energy demand is electrifiable with technologies that are already established, while 99% electrification can be achieved with the addition of technologies currently under development. Such a deep electrification reduces CO2 emissions already based on the carbon intensity of today's electricity (~300 gCO2/kWhel). With an increasing decarbonisation of the power sector (IEA: 12 gCO2/kWhel in 2050), electrification could cut CO2 emissions by 78%, and almost entirely abate the energy-related CO2 emissions, reducing the industry bottleneck to only residual process emissions. Despite its decarbonisation potential, the extent to which direct electrification will be deployed in industry remains uncertain and depends on the relative cost of electric technologies compared to other low-carbon options.

/pdf/the-co2-reduction-potential-for-the-european-industry-via-4uk3kcbdl3.pdf

The CO2 reduction potential for the European industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat)

Meeting the Paris Agreement will most likely require the combination of CO2 capture and biomass in the industrial sector, resulting in net negative emissions. CO2 capture within the industry has been extensively investigated. However, biomass options have been poorly explored, with literature alluding to technical and economic barriers. In addition, a lack of consistency among studies makes comparing the performance of CO2 capture and/or biomass use between studies and sectors difficult. These inconsistencies include differences in methodology, system boundaries, level of integration, costs, greenhouse gas intensity of feedstock and energy carriers, and capital cost estimations. Therefore, an integrated evaluation of the techno-economic performance regarding CO2 capture and biomass use was performed for five energy-intensive industrial sub-sectors. Harmonization results indicate that CO2 mitigation potentials vary for each sub-sector, resulting in reductions of 1.4–2.7 t CO2/t steel (77%–149%), 0.7 t CO2/t cement (92%), 0.2 t CO2/t crude oil (68%), 1.9 t CO2/t pulp (1663%–2548%), and 34.9 t CO2/t H2 (313%). Negative emissions can be reached in the steel, paper and H2 sectors. Novel bio-based production routes might enable net negative emissions in the cement and (petro)chemical sectors as well. All the above-mentioned potentials can be reached for 100 €/t CO2 or less. Implementing mitigation options could reduce industrial CO2 emissions by 10 Gt CO2/y by 2050, easily meeting the targets of the 2 °C scenario by the International Energy Agency (1.8 Gt CO2/y reduction) for the industrial sector and even the Beyond 2 °C scenario (4.2 Gt CO2/y reduction).

Carbon capture and biomass in industry: A techno-economic analysis and comparison of negative emission options

https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/1764319/Accepted_Author_Manuscript.pdf

Mechanical pretreatment of waste paper for biogas production.

The BAT reference document entitled ‘Production of Pulp, Paper and Board' forms part of a series presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review and, where necessary, update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions. This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. This BREF for the production of pulp, paper and board covers the activities specified in Sections 6.1(a) and 6.1(b) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, i.e. the integrated and non-integrated production in industrial installations of: (a) pulp from timber or other fibrous materials; (b) paper or cardboard with a production capacity exceeding 20 tonnes per day. In particular, this document covers the following processes and activities: chemical pulping: (a) kraft (sulphate) pulping process (b) sulphite pulping process mechanical and chemimechanical pulping processing paper for recycling with and without deinking papermaking and related processes all recovery boilers and lime kilns operated in pulp and paper mills. Important issues for the implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU in the pulp, paper and board industry are the emissions to air of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, dust, total reduced sulphur and ammonia; emissions to water of organic carbon, suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus and adsorbable organically bound halogens. The BREF contains nine chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 provide general information on the pulp, paper and board industry and on the common industrial processes and techniques used within the whole sector. Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 correspond to the following specific sectors: kraft (sulphate) pulping process, sulphite pulping process, mechanical and chemimechanical pulping, processing of paper for recycling with and without deinking, and papermaking and related processes. For each sector, these five chapters provide information and data concerning the applied processes and techniques; the environmental performance of installations in terms of current emissions, consumption of raw materials, water and energy, and generation of waste; the techniques to prevent or reduce the environmental impact of installations; and the emerging techniques. In Chapter 8 the BAT conclusions, as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive, are presented for the pulp, paper and board industry. Chapter 9 is dedicated to concluding remarks and recommendations for future work regarding the sector. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Pulp, Paper and Board Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and control

Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Pulp, Paper and Board. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control)

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Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Pulp, Paper and Board. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control)