The in-situ deep mixing technique has been established as a means to effect columnar inclusions into soft ground to enhance the bearing capacity and reduce settlement. Since the inception of this method, developments in the plant and machinery, as well as associated field techniques, have surpassed the basic understanding of strength developments in high water-content clays admixed with cementing agents.In this paper an attempt is made to identify the critical factors governing the engineering behavior of cement-stabilized clay, which helps not only to control the input of cementing agent to attain strength development with curing time and clay water content, but also to understand the subsequent engineering behavior. It is revealed that the clay-water/cement ratio, $wc/ c$ is the prime parameter for the above purposes .

Engineering Behavior of Cement Stabilized Clay at High Water Content (IS-YOKOHAMA 2000「沿岸域の地盤工学における理論と実際」特集号〔英文〕)

Exploring factors influencing construction waste reduction: A structural equation modeling approach

The construction sector in Bangladesh is facing negative impacts on financial and environmental aspects due to excessive waste generation. The construction industry cannot function properly if its resources are being wasted abruptly. Therefore, this study aims to identify the construction waste-generating factors and develop construction waste management strategies for the construction industry of Bangladesh. This research was conducted through an extensive survey which was done by interviewing various construction professionals and reviewing existing literature rigorously. The survey was conducted on the basis of the Likert scale, and the waste-generating factors were prioritized using the Relative Importance Index (R.I.I). The factor identification revealed that ‘deposited material in a public place’ is the most significant waste generating factor on construction sites. In addition, improper material storage, lack of training of workers, solid waste, and the absence of proper guidelines for workers are also identified as the top reasons for construction waste. Furthermore, stakeholders’ opinions on construction waste minimization have revealed a huge opportunity to manage those potential waste generation factors in a project. This investigation would be able to picture out the whole waste generation scenario and suggest important waste management strategies in the context of the Bangladeshi construction sector. 

Investigation on the generation of construction wastes in Bangladesh

Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases for urban solid waste management: A scientific literature review.

The construction industry has grown significantly to fulfill the expanding need for accommodation, facilities, welfare, and services resulting from the rapid increase in the global population. Infrastructure projects in particular facilitate transportation and services for both new and existing areas, yet they are also one of the primary producers of construction waste, which is harmful to both society and the environment. Hence, the objective of this paper is to identify the factors affecting construction waste management in infrastructure projects (CWMIIP) and study their respective impacts on construction waste management (CWM) performance. This study makes a unique contribution by not only addressing the factors that influence the development of construction wastes and their importance, but also by giving quantifiable solutions and action plans to reduce the waste. Using a literature review, 26 factors were selected as the major contributors to construction waste in infrastructure projects. An online questionnaire was then developed to collect data on the respective impacts of these factors. A total of 167 complete responses to the questionnaire were collected, and a structural equation model (SEM) was developed to quantitatively measure the impact of each factor on waste management performance. The model was validated using goodness of fit (GOF), multivariate normality, construct validity, reliability, and hypotheses analyses. The results indicate that the most significant factors affecting the generation of construction wastes are “quantity take-off error by contractor,” “unforeseen incidents damaging site and/or completed works,” “design errors,” and “extreme weather conditions damaging completed works.” The model results showed that all predefined hypotheses were supported, except for the positive effect of the logistics group, which was dropped during model development. Individual factors were also divided into groups, and the total impact of each group was assessed; the “management” group had the greatest impact, followed by “execution,” “others,” and “procurement.” Based on these findings, we make several recommendations to construction industry professionals to reduce waste and mitigate its harmful effects, such as requiring a construction waste management implementation plan before awarding a project to a contractor; engaging with project suppliers to provide execution training for contractor staff; ensuring proper implementation of health, safety, and environmental plans; and purchasing locally available materials. 

Major Factors Affecting Construction Waste Management in Infrastructure Projects Using Structural Equation Model

In the arena of cost baselines and project budgets, the construction industry is always famed and controversial. Owing to the paucity of funds or maladministration at various levels, there is 90 percent of project delay is fully stranded. While being a major contributor to a country's Gross Domestic Product, its sufficient potentiality has never been tapped. Maybe this dismaying climate is created by the cold-hearted, reckless and unscrupulous attitudes of construction industry stakeholders. The main objectives of this research is to determine the genesis of exceeded budget/cost in construction projects that affect cost management and to suggest appropriate measures to harness the construction industry's full potential. The key drivers that have positive or negative repercussions on the cost aspect of the projects are the administration, pundits and consumers or holders. For assessing the most common causative factors of exceeded cost in construction projects, the authors organized interactive discussions with construction industry pundits, designers, architects, schematic experts, and manufacturers. Moreover, the incumbent concerns in the construction industry were analyzed and examined to examine important factors. To underscore the key motives that drive the projects, directly and indirectly, a questionnaire was dispensed between the participants on the analysis in the cost of undergoing projects. Results of the study are the key interpretations which were drawn from this research paper are fraud, weak political engrossment, poor site management, hampering of site deployment, consultants inflexible approach, gold plating, faulty safety and healthcare management system. To remove these hurdles, I have recommended appropriate guidelines for preventing, reducing or mitigating the effects of these factors.

/pdf/performance-and-management-of-cost-in-the-construction-n949tidoud.pdf

Performance and Management of Cost in the Construction Industry

Great quantities of dredged marine soils (DMS) have been produced from the maintenance of channels, anchorages and for harbour development. DMS have the potential to pose ecological and human health risks and it is also considered as a geowaste. Malaysia is moving towards the sustainability approach and one of the key factors to achieve it is to reduce waste. Thus, this geowaste should be generated as a new resource to substitute soil for civil works such as for land reclamation and backfilling. This shows the improved settlement of consolidation in treated DMS. DMS is referred to as a cohesive soil which includes clayey silt, sandy clay, silty clay and organic clay. This type of soil has low strength and high compressibility. The objectives were achieved through literature review analysis and also laboratory test which was one dimensional oedometer test. On the other hand, treated DMS with more ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) gives a lower settlement compared to specimen with higher percentage of cement in a treated soil. Thus this shows that cement content can be reduced in soil solidification when GGBS is added. The optimum binder ratio found was 3:7 where 3 is cement and 7 is GGBS.

/pdf/1d-compressibility-of-dms-treated-with-cement-ggbs-blend-22d2nijrdw.pdf

1D Compressibility of DMS Treated With Cement-GGBS Blend

In parallel to the Industry Revolution 4.0, the introduction of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in construction is expected to improve the construction project management efficiency. Although much research works has been done by the academics in uncovering the advantageous potentials of using UAV in construction, the barriers and drivers that influence the construction companies towards adopting UAV have received scant or very limited attention from the academics. Even though the UAV technology infrastructure has progressively been developed and improved by the government and the UAV manufacturers with some construction companies successfully got on board the platform to tap the potentials for gains, however there are construction companies have yet to act on it. This paper aims to identify the main drivers of the construction companies in adopting and integrating the UAV into their construction activities or business. The semi-structured interviews were designed using theory of interpersonal communication in achieving an honest exchange of information on the perception of the participants, their encounters, experiences, views and expectation with respect to the use of UAV in their business activities. This study was conducted with eight respondents from Johor Bharu and Kuala Lumpur of diverse background and experience in the construction and UAV. The findings show that relative advantage, education, knowledge of technology, positive attitude of the decision makers, compatibility of technology, simplicity of technology, and observability are the six drivers to the adoption of UAV in the construction industry. Therefore, this study may serve as a conceptual framework for the future research works on the adoption of UAV in the Malaysian construction industry as the industry is increasingly digitally driven with the emergence of new technology such as the UAV application technology.

The Adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Technology in the Construction Industry: Construction Stakeholders’ Perception

Causes of mishandling materials in construction sites

Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste is increasing enormously due to rapid growth of construction industry in developing countries. A few irresponsible contractors dumped illegally the excessive C&D waste in the forest, mangrove swamp, oil palm plantations, roadside and in the sea or lake. However, there are some responsible contractors who carried out recycling practices in the construction project to cut the amount of waste sent to gazette landfills which are approved by local authorities or government. Therefore, this paper is aimed to investigate the total C&D waste amount recycled waste before sending it to designated landfills. This study only focused on four types of C&D waste namely timber, metal, concrete and packaging material. The method that is used for this study is ‘on-site quantification’ based on the volume and gathered ‘recorded recycling amount’ from the project manager and safety officer. This study is conducted at two construction apartments (site I and site II) in Johor Bahru. The data collection was taken weekly for 6 months’ period. The collected data were analyzed using cumulative amount of volume, weight in meters (m3) and percentages. As results, timber was the dominant waste produced at site I while metal waste was highly generated in Site II. About 47% (29.85m3) of total waste produced at site I was timber waste. About 49% (50.39m3) of metal waste generated at site II. There are 36.13m3 of C&D waste recycled at site I and 66.21m3 of C&D waste was recycled at site II. The study found that timber and metal were highly recycled waste materials at both apartments. Finally, a total of 473.86m3 waste recycled in both projects, and this amount save from to be dumped at landfills which is not a suitable hierarchy. This study will create awareness to all construction practitioners, about the needs of recycling practice to minimize the amount of C&D waste send to landfills.

Comparison of Recycled Waste Amount for Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste between Two Apartment Projects

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