Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy with a high incidence and mortality, and the emergence of immunotherapy has brought survival benefits to GC patients. Compared with traditional therapy, immunotherapy has the advantages of durable response, long-term survival benefits, and lower toxicity. Therefore, targeted immune cells are the most promising therapeutic strategy in the field of oncology. In this review, we introduce the role and significance of each immune cell in the tumor microenvironment of GC and summarize the current landscape of immunotherapy in GC, which includes immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, reduction of M2 tumor-associated macrophages (M2 TAMs), N2 tumor-associated neutrophils (N2 TANs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), effector regulatory T cells (eTregs), and regulatory B cells (Bregs) in the tumor microenvironment and reprogram TAMs and TANs into tumor killer cells. The most widely used immunotherapy strategies are the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) antibody, cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibody, and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) in ACT, and these therapeutic strategies have significant anti-tumor efficacy in solid tumors and hematological tumors. Targeting other immune cells provides a new direction for the immunotherapy of GC despite the relatively weak clinical data, which have been confirmed to restore or enhance anti-tumor immune function in preclinical studies and some treatment strategies have entered the clinical trial stage, and it is expected that more and more effective immune cell–based therapeutic methods will be developed and applied.

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Therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer targeting immune cells: Future directions

The postprandial actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists: The missing link for cardiovascular and kidney protection in type 2 diabetes.

The tumor microenvironment and tumor immunity are crucially involved in tumor therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD‐1/PD‐L1 signal transduction have been widely used in tumor therapy and have shown ideal clinical efficacy. However, some kinds of cancers still do not respond to PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade therapy effectively, including gastric cancer. The related factors should be explored.

Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade therapy needs more attention

Objective: To explore the efficacy of photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Background: Advanced GAC has high malignancy and mortality rate. To date, no study has applied photodynamic treatment (PDT) combined with chemo-, targeted, and immunotherapy to treat this cancer. Patient and methods: Clinical data of a patient diagnosed with poorly differentiated GAC admitted to the department of oncology of the Lanzhou University Second Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The patient underwent four PDT procedures combined with chemo-, targeted, and immunotherapy. Results: A 72-year-old male patient received combination therapy of PDT. This treatment resolved the cancerous tissues and levels of tumor markers. There was no recurrence and metastasis during a 7-month follow-up. Conclusions: Combination therapy of PDT can effectively treat tumors and may be a method suitable for elderly patients with advanced GAC.

Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with Chemotherapy, Targeted, and Immunotherapy As a Successful Therapeutic Approach for Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Cutaneous vasculitis (CV) is an inflammatory skin-limited vascular disease affecting the dermal and/or hypodermal vessel wall. From the pathogenetic point of view, idiopathic forms are described as well as the induction from various triggers, such as drugs, infections, and vaccines. Following SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak, cases of CV induced by both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccinations have been reported in literature. The aim of our work was to collect multiple cases available in the literature and analyze the frequency of the different forms of induced vasculitis, as well as their histological and immunopathological features. Although rare, CV induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccines may provide interesting insights into the pathogenesis of these inflammatory processes that may in the future be useful to understand the mechanisms underlying cutaneous and systemic vasculitis.

Cutaneous vasculitis: Lessons from COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination

Effects of game-based digital therapeutics on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents as assessed by parents or teachers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To identify neurological aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to investigate COVID-19 infected patients with and without olfactory dysfunction in relation to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until March 26, 2021, for observational studies with COVID-19 patients that had performed CSF PCR assay due to the neurologic symptom and reported anosmia status. Results Initially, 2,387 studies were identified;167 studies performed SARS-CoV-2 CSF PCR assay, of which our review comprised 45 observational studies that conducted CSF PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 in 101 patients and reported anosmia status in 55 of 101 patients. Central and peripheral neurological manifestations observed in COVID-19 patients were diverse. The most common neurological diagnoses were Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its variants (24%), followed by encephalopathy (21%). The SARS-CoV-2 PCR assay was positive in only four CSF samples, of which two patients had olfactory dysfunction while the others did not. Conclusions The neurological spectrum of COVID-19 is diverse, and direct neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 is rare. The neuroprotection against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients with anosmia is controversial, as an equal number of patients with and without olfactory dysfunction had positive CSF PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 in our study, and further studies are required to provide more insight into this topic.

A Systematic Review on Neurological Aspects of COVID-19: Exploring the Relationship Between COVID-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction and Neuroinvasion

While hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is commonly used to monitor therapy response in type 2 diabetes (T2D), GV is emerging as an essential additional metric for optimizing glycemic control. Our goal was to learn more about the impact of hypoglycemic agents on HbA1c levels and GV in patients with T2D. A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials were performed to assess the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, sulfonylurea and thiazolidinediones on Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions (MAGE) and HbA1c. Searches were performed using PubMed and EMBASE. A random-effect model was used in the NMA, and the surface under the cumulative ranking was used to rank comparisons. All studies were checked for quality according to their design and also for heterogeneity before inclusion in this NMA. The highest reduction in MAGE was achieved by GLP-1 RAs (SUCRA 0.83), followed by DPP-4 inhibitors (SUCRA: 0.72), and thiazolidinediones (SUCRA: 0.69). In terms of HbA1c reduction, GLP-1 RAs were the most effective (SUCRA 0.81), followed by DPP-4 inhibitors (SUCRA 0.72) and sulfonylurea (SUCRA 0.65). Our findings indicated that GLP-1 RAs have relatively high efficacy in terms of HbA1c and MAGE reduction when compared with other hypoglycemic agents and can thus have clinical application. Future studies with a larger sample size and appropriate subgroup analyses are warranted to completely understand the glycemic effects of these agents in various patients with T2D. The protocol for this systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42021256363).

Hypoglycemic agents and glycemic variability in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Reporting quality was suboptimal in systematic review of randomized controlled trials with adaptive designs.

Efficacy of epigenetic agents for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

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