This study reports the virome investigation of pollinator species and other floral visitors associated with plants from the south of Bahia: Aphis aurantii, Atrichopogon sp., Dasyhelea sp., Forcipomyia taiwana, and Trigona ventralis hoozana. Studying viruses in insects associated with economically important crops is vital to understand transmission dynamics and manage viral diseases that pose as threats for global food security. Using literature mining and public RNA next-generation sequencing data deposited in the NCBI SRA database, we identified potential vectors associated with Malvaceae plant species and characterized the microbial communities resident in these insects. Bacteria and Eukarya dominated the metagenomic analyses of all taxon groups. We also found sequences showing similarity to elements from several viral families, including Bunyavirales, Chuviridae, Iflaviridae, Narnaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Totiviridae, and Xinmoviridae. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the existence of at least 16 new viruses distributed among A. aurantii (3), Atrichopogon sp. (4), Dasyhelea sp. (3), and F. taiwana (6). No novel viruses were found for T. ventralis hoozana. For F. taiwana, the available libraries also allowed us to suggest possible vertical transmission, while for A. aurantii we followed the infection profile along the insect development. Our results highlight the importance of studying the virome of insect species associated with crop pollination, as they may play a crucial role in the transmission of viruses to economically important plants, such as those of the genus Theobroma, or they will reduce the pollination process. This information may be valuable in developing strategies to mitigate the spread of viruses and protect the global industry. 

Mining Public Data to Investigate the Virome of Neglected Pollinators and Other Floral Visitors

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is an X-ray-based technique that allows visualisation of the internal anatomy of insects in situ and does not require dissections. Traditionally, the study of insect anatomy has been mainly based on dissection techniques and microtome sections. However, micro-CT is becoming an increasingly widespread study technique. We report the use of micro-CT scans to study, in detail, the external and internal structures and organs of the third instar larva of the dipteran Syrphidae Sphaerophoria rueppellii, a Palaearctic species included in the list of effective agents used in European biocontrol programmes against aphids. Detailed images and videos provided evidence of the external morphological characteristics and an overview of the internal anatomy (musculature, digestive tube, salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, fat body, circulatory system, nervous system, cephalopharyngeal complex, tentorium, and mouth parts). The study evidenced the following: an external lateroventral complex of muscles that form muscular rings that allow the compression of the body segments in a similar functional way as occurs in annelid worms; the existence of mandibles with prosthecae; the nervous system present a conspicuous distinguishable suboesophageal ganglion; the so-called antennomaxillary organs are the antennae; the maxillae are separate structures, with an articulated maxillary palpus; S. rueppellii has only one pair of Malpighian tubules instead of the two pairs that were thought to be the general rule for Syrphid larvae; and the evidence of an imaginal disc of genitalia in the posterior part of the body, below the rectum, which in male larvae has a clear correspondence with the morphology of the external male genitalia, which allows to differentiate the sexes in the larval stage. This study constitutes a true anatomical atlas of the third instar larvae of S. rueppellii. High-quality rendered images and additional supplementary videos together with a 3D model, suitable for use with mobile devices, are useful tools for future research and teaching aids. 

Revealing the larval anatomy of the hoverfly Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann, 1820) (Diptera, Syrphidae) using micro-computed tomography

As antenas dos insetos atuam como receptores de sinais químicos e físicos e são responsáveis pela comunicação. A percepção desses sinais ocorre por estruturas cuticulares denominadas sensilas, que podem ser diferenciadas tanto pela morfologia, quanto pelas funções exercidas, sendo elas quimio- e mecanorreceptivas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e comparar as sensilas presentes nas antenas das diferentes castas (operárias máximas e mínimas e rainhas) e sexos de Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus, utilizando a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Diferentes tipos de sensilas foram identificadas, sendo elas, céticas dos tipos I, II e III (CtI, CtII e CtIII), tricoides I e II (TI e TII), basicônicas (Ba), ampulacea (Ap) e celocônica (Co). As CtI e CtII se assemelham a pelos, sendo a CtI mais finas e visivelmente menores que as CtII, a CtIII diferencia devido sua curvatura para um lado. As sensilas céticas são as mais abundantes em todas as classes de indivíduos estudadas. As TI possuem comprimento próximo ao das CtI, porém, são mais largas, achatadas e curvadas, acompanhando o formato curvado da antena, sendo normalmente comparadas com o formato de foice. As TII não são achatadas, e com uma leve sinuosidade ao longo de sua estrutura, e são o segundo tipo mais abundante de sensilas em todos os indivíduos estudados. As Ba possuem base larga, são mais arredondadas e com extremidade cônica, afunilando-se pouco em direção à sua extremidade. As Co caracterizam-se por uma depressão na cutícula, contendo uma abertura oval ao centro. As Ap são morfologicamente semelhantes às Co, diferenciando-se apenas pela menor abertura oval ao centro. De forma geral, os mesmos tipos de sensilas foram encontrados nas fêmeas (máximas, mínimas, rainhas) e nos machos de A. subterraneus subterraneus e não há diferenças no comprimento das sensilas medidas, entre todos os tipos de indivíduos estudados. As diferenças com relação a presença ou ausência, e a quantidade dessas sensilas são discutidas, considerando suas funções entres os indivíduos estudados. Palavras-chave: Insetos. Órgãos sensoriais. Comunicação química e física. 

pdf/estudo-comparado-das-sensilas-dos-flagelomeros-antenais-de-232tvz7zul.pdf

Estudo comparado das sensilas dos flagelômeros antenais de diferentes castas e sexos da formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus Forel, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Solitary bees play a crucial role in ecological systems, contributing to the pollination of crops and wild plants. All females are reproductive, and their habitat requirements include nesting sites, food resources and nesting materials. Although these activities require the ability to detect biotic and abiotic stimuli in the environment, the sensory system of these species is poorly studied. In this study, the antennal sensilla of five solitary bee species belonging to three Apoidea families were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. These included two species of stem-nesting bees, Ceratina cucurbitina (Rossi, 1792) (Apidae) and Osmia scutellaris (Morawitz, 1868) (Megachilidae), and three species of ground-nesting bees, Lasioglossum brevicorne (Schenck, 1870), Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781), and Lasioglossum villosulum (Kirby, 1802) (Halictidae). Thirteen different types of antennal sensilla were identified in females based on their morphological characteristics: sensilla trichodea (subtypes STI, II, III), chaetica (subtypes SchI, II), basiconica (subtypes SBI, II, III, IV), placodea, campaniformia, coeloconica, and ampullacea. Their functional role was discussed and morphology was compared among the species and within the antennal segments in each species. The results provide a baseline for further physiological and behavioural studies to determine the role of antennal sensilla in habitat selection, food search and nesting site selection. 

Morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla in five species of solitary bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

<title>Abstract</title> Traditionally, the study of anatomy in insects has been based on dissection techniques. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is an X-ray-based technique that allows visualization of the internal anatomy of insects in situ and does not require dissections. We report the use of micro-CT scans to study, in detail, the external and internal structures and organs of the third instar larva of the dipteran Syrphidae <italic>Sphaerophoria rueppellii</italic>, a Palaearctic species included in the list of effective agents used in European biocontrol programs against aphids. Detailed images and videos provided evidence of external morphological characters and an overview of the internal anatomy (musculature, digestive tube, salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, circulatory system, nervous system, cefalofaringeal complex, tentorium, and mouth parts). The study evidenced the following: an external lateroventral complex of muscles that form authentic muscular rings that allow the compression of the body segments in a similar functional way as occurs in annelid worms; the existence of mandibles with prosthecae; the nervous system present a conspicuous distinguishable suboesophageal ganglion; the so-called antennomaxillary organs are the antennae; the maxillae are separate structures, with an articulated maxillary palpus; <italic>S. rueppellii</italic> has only one pair of Malpighian tubules instead of the two pairs that were thought to be the general rule for Syrphid larvae; and the evidence of an imaginal disc of genitalia in the posterior part of the body, below the rectum, which in male larvae has a clear correspondence with the morphology of the external male genitalia, which allows to differentiate the sexes in the larval stage. This study is the first complete micro-CT reconstruction of the anatomy of a dipteran larva and constitutes a true anatomical atlas of the third instar larvae of <italic>S. rueppellii</italic>. High-quality rendered images and additional supplementary videos together with a 3D model, suitable for use with mobile devices, are useful tools for future research and as teaching aids. 

Ultrastructure and distribution of antennal sensilla of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) has high ornamental and nutritional value, and the seeds of P. lactiflora can be used to produce high-quality edible oil. However, low seed yield limits the application of P. lactiflora. This can be mitigated by insect pollinators. Here, we evaluated the pollination services of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in a P. lactiflora field. We found that A. mellifera provided pollination for P. lactiflora throughout the day especially in the period from 10:00–15:00. Seed number and weight were significantly increased when P. lactiflora was pollinated by A. mellifera. Furthermore, a DNA barcode, the rbcL gene, was used to analyze pollen samples from the corbiculae (pollen baskets) of A. mellifera (bee pollen, BP) and P. lactiflora flowers (flower pollen, FP). High homology of rbcL genes in the BP and FP suggested that BP was collected from P. lactiflora. Based on our results, A. mellifera provided efficient pollination for P. lactiflora. Therefore, A. mellifera could be a good candidate pollinator for P. lactiflora and could be applied in the field.

/pdf/the-honeybee-apis-mellifera-l-is-an-efficient-pollinator-for-hp9s6cmt.pdf

The Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Is an Efficient Pollinator for Paeonia lactiflora Pall in the Field

Plectranthus tomentosa effectively repels and control Bemisia tabaci MED with its volatiles

Bemisia tabaci infection of tomato plant alters bumblebee foraging behaviour

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Ultrastructure and distribution of antennal sensilla of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Is an Efficient Pollinator for Paeonia lactiflora Pall in the Field

Plectranthus tomentosa effectively repels and control Bemisia tabaci MED with its volatiles

Bemisia tabaci infection of tomato plant alters bumblebee foraging behaviour