The popliteal artery is a relatively short vascular segment but is affected by a unique set of pathologic conditions. These conditions, which may be common throughout the arterial system or exclusive to the popliteal artery, include atherosclerosis, popliteal artery aneurysm, arterial embolus, trauma, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, and cystic adventitial disease. The clinical manifestations, imaging appearances, and treatment options associated with these pathologic conditions differ significantly. Consequently, the radiologist should be familiar with these conditions to direct imaging for accurate diagnosis and treatment and to prevent loss of limb.

https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/rg.242035117

Popliteal artery disease: diagnosis and treatment.

Popliteal Arterial Entrapment (PAE) was first reported in 1879 by Stuart, a medical student at the University of Edinburgh. Mr. Stuart observed, during the dissection of an amputated leg of a 64-year-old man, a popliteal artery coursing around the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and aneurysmal changes in the popliteal artery distal to the point of external muscular compression [1]. The first case of PAE was surgically treated in 1959, in a 12year-old boy complaining of claudication after walking 300 meters. At surgical exploration, Hamming, at Leyden University in The Netherlands, found an occluded artery with an anomalous course medial to the medial gastrocnemius muscle. He transected the muscle and performed a successful popliteal artery thromboendarterectomy [2]. In 1979 Rich et al. published the first series of patients treated for PAE [3]. Many case reports were published in the ensuing years, as well as other small series [4]. Efforts to revise collective series were incomplet for lack of details and patient follow-up [5]. The functional form of entrapment was first described by Rignault et al. in 1985 in a report describes cases in which the anatomy of the popliteal fossa is normal [6].

Popliteal vascular entrapment.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: More common than previously recognized

• In the past 20 years since the first clinical management of a patient with a congenital anomaly associated with an abnormal medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle causing external compression on the popliteal artery, approximately 100 similar lesions have been documented in the world's literature. This has been a lesion of international interest, with only approximately 25% of the cases from hospitals in the United States. This present series of 14 lesions from Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, during a 12½-year period beginning in September 1966 emphasizes the increasing interest in this lesion. The young athletic male in whom intermittent claudication develops with strenuous exercise or the middle-aged patient with a popliteal aneurysm should be evaluated for the possibility of popliteal vascular entrapment. Medial deviation of the popliteal artery seen angiographically is a classic finding, however, there might also be segmental occlusion of the midpopliteal artery. This series outlines various types of popliteal vascular entrapment and documents successful surgical management. (Arch Surg114:1377-1384, 1979)

Popliteal vascular entrapment. Its increasing interest.

A probable cause of popliteal artery entrapment is proposed. The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle during its embryological development crosses the popliteal fossa from lateral to medial. It is proposed that the migrating medial head carries the popliteal artery and vein across the fossa and entraps them against the medial condyle of the femur. Dissection of 86 anatomical specimens revealed two cases of unilateral and one case of bilateral entrapment of both popliteal vessels. Two surgical cases of popliteal entrapment are presented. This entrapment syndrome is a remedial cause of claudication and when considered, it is readily diagnosed and surgical correction is effective. Because of distal embolisation and occlusions, early recognition and treatment is desirable. Forty-seven cases from the literature are reviewed as to the entrapment type and the age and sex of the patients.

Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome

Note on a Variation in the Course of the Popliteal Artery.

Nickel and Cobalt: Their Physiological Action on the Animal Organism: Part I. Toxicology.

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Note on a Variation in the Course of the Popliteal Artery.

Nickel and Cobalt: Their Physiological Action on the Animal Organism: Part I. Toxicology.