The thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in endogenous depression

Thyroid hormones are extremely important for metabolism, development, and growth during the lifetime. The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis is precisely regulated for these purposes. Much of our knowledge of this hormonal axis is derived from experiments in animals and mutations in man. This review examines the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis particularly in relation to the regulated 24-hour serum TSH concentration profiles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including obesity, primary hypothyroidism, pituitary diseases, psychiatric disorders, and selected neurological diseases. Diurnal TSH rhythms can be analyzed with novel and precise techniques, eg, operator-independent deconvolution and approximate entropy. These approaches provide indirect insight in the regulatory components in pathophysiological conditions.

/pdf/thyrotropin-secretion-patterns-in-health-and-disease-1rhgp0ni70.pdf

Thyrotropin secretion patterns in health and disease

• Thyroid levels were estimated in 15 patients with endogenous depressions. Before electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), serum thyroxine (T , ) and free T , index values were elevated ( P 3 ) and free T 3 index were normal both before and after ECT. Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels were also normal and not substantially altered by the ECT procedure. The mean maximal TSH response to protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) was diminished in the depressed patients and normal after recovery. In three patients, the increase in TSH response to protirelin after recovery did not occur and they relapsed within six months, while in seven patients with increased TSH response to protirelin after recovery only one relapse occurred. The disturbances in the free T 4 index, T 49 and the protirelin test may in some depressed patients resemble hyperthyroidism, but this condition can be excluded by means of serum T 3 and free T 3 index.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/PSYCH/articlepdf/491412/archpsyc_32_9_004.pdf

Protirelin Stimulation Test and Thyroid Function During Treatment of Depression

Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on behavioral and hormonal changes induced by β-endorphin

In 1958 a new therapy for depressions was introduced: medication with antidepressants. Almost simultaneously, but independendy, two types of compounds with an antidepressant effect were discovered: the tricyclic antidepressants (prototype: imipramine) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs*) prototype: iproniazide). Previously, only amphetamine derivatives and opiates had been available for antidepressant medication. The effect of amphetamines on affective life was variable and brief, and often followed by a hangover; opiates actually acted mainly on anxiety and agitation. The antidepressants, with an effect on mood regulation which in suitable cases was primary and lasting, represented a new pharmacothera-peutic principle.

Amine Hypotheses of Affective Disorders

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the treatment of depression

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Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the treatment of depression