In this article, I trace the history of Chicago's Health Department, exploring when and how housing conditions came to be considered a serious social problem requiring municipal regulation. Although journalists and labor leaders were among the first Chicagoans to link tenement housing to the spread of contagious disease, Health Department officials quickly began regulating the city's housing stock under their own authority. I argue that in attempting to eliminate the dangers of contagious disease, a long-standing public health threat, health officials drew new attention to the dangers of multifamily dwellings and set a precedent for government regulation of living conditions in tenement dwellings.

Health, Morality, and Housing: The “Tenement Problem” in Chicago

In the early 19th century, the discoveries of new substances in the healthy and diseased body spawned a search for chemical explanations for physiologic phenomena to guide medical diagnosis and control therapy. William Prout’s work on the nature and treatment of diseases of the urinary organs established his reputation as one of Britain’s most distinguished physiological chemists. Prout was very skeptical of chemical remedies because of possible side effects, but he suggested iodine treatment for goiter. He emphasized that a satisfactory diet should include carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. In 1824, he showed that the acid of the gastric juice was hydrochloric acid. Prout applied chemical methods and reasoning to physiology and was criticized for his view that the body’s vital functions could be explained by chemistry. His remedy for lack of progress in animal chemistry was for physiologists to become chemists. Prout stimulated much discussion on atomic theory by his hypothesis that the atomic weights of all chemical elements are whole-number multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen and that the chemical elements were condensed from hydrogen atoms.

William Prout: Early 19th Century Physician-Chemist

Focusing on three Anglo-American outbreaks of industrial anthrax, this essay engages the question of how local circumstances influenced the transmission of scientific knowledge in the late nineteenth century. Walpole (Massachusetts), Glasgow, and Bradford (Yorkshire) served as important nodes of transnational investigation into anthrax. Knowledge about the morphology and behavior of Bacillus anthracis changed little while in transit between these nodes, even during complex debates about the nature of bacterial morphology, disease causation, and spontaneous generation. Working independently of their more famous counterparts (Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur), Anglo-American anthrax investigators used visual representations of anthrax bacilli to persuade their peers that a specific, identifiable cause produced all forms of anthrax—malignant pustule (cutaneous anthrax), intestinal anthrax, and woolsorter's disease (pneumonic anthrax). By the late 1870s, this point of view also supported what we would t...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/591709

Anthrax in transit; practical experience and intellectual exchange.

Davy comes to America: Woodhouse, Barton, and the nitrous oxide crossing

SUMMARY: The early history of haemodialysis was closely linked to the development of methods of anticoagulation. After John B. Haycroft identified hirudin, several investigators, including J.J. Abel and his colleagues, used it for extra-corporeal anticoagulation, however it was not until Jay McLean and William Howell developed heparin that a reliable substance became available. Heinrich Necheles appears to have been the first to apply this to dialysis in experiments that he carried out in Peking.

Hirudin, heparin and Heinrich Necheles

Over 500 biographical entries to deceased persons who made significant contributions to American medicine and public health from the seventeenth century through 1976. Includes physicians, nonphysicians, representative blacks and women from each state and the District of Columbia, and persons who presented alternative health care. Entries give name of subject, dates, career information, contributions, important writings and references. Miscellaneous appendixes. Index.

Dictionary of American medical biography

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Dictionary of American medical biography