IEEE C95.1-1991 gives recommendations to prevent harmful effects in human beings exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz. The recommendations are intended to apply to exposures in controlled, as well as uncontrolled, environments. They are not intended to apply to the purposeful exposure of patients under the direction of practitioners of the healing arts. The induced and contact current limits of IEEE C95.1-1991 are modified in this edition. In addition, field strengths below which induced and contact currents do not have to be measured are specified, spatial averaging and measurement distance requirements are clarified, and more precise definitions for averaging volume and radiated power are provided.

IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz

The newly released IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 defines exposure criteria and associated limits for the protection of persons against established adverse health effects from exposures to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, in the frequency range 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The exposure limits apply to persons permitted in restricted environments and to the general public in unrestricted environments. These limits are not intended to apply to the exposure of patients by or under the direction of physicians and care professionals, as well as to the exposure of informed volunteers in scientific research studies, or to the use of medical devices or implants. IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 can be obtained at no cost from the IEEE Get Program https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8859679.

/pdf/synopsis-of-ieee-std-c95-1-2019-ieee-standard-for-safety-2d72b0zrv4.pdf

Synopsis of IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 “IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz”

In this paper, a complete electromagnetic and thermal analysis has been performed considering the head of a subject exposed to various kinds of cellular phones available on the market, and focusing the attention on important organs like the eye lens and brain. Attention has first been posed on a particular phone model, and a comparison between the absorbed power distribution and steady-state temperature increases has been carried out. The influence of different antennas (dipole, monopole, whip, and planar inverted F antenna) on the power absorption and on the consequent tissue heating has then been analyzed. The obtained results show for a radiated power of 600 mW, maximum SAR values, averaged over 1 g, from 2.2 to 3.7 W/kg depending on the considered phone. The maximum temperature increases are obtained in the ear and vary from 0.22/spl deg/C to 0.43/spl deg/C, while the maximum temperature increases in the brain lie from 0.08/spl deg/C to 0.19/spl deg/C. These steady-state temperature increases are obtained after about 50 min of exposure, with a time constant of approximately 6 min. Finally, the results evidence a maximum temperature increase in the external part of the brain from 0.10/spl deg/C to 0.16/spl deg/C for every 1 W/kg of SAR, averaged over 1 g of brain tissue.

Specific absorption rate and temperature increases in the head of a cellular-phone user

Wireless personal communication is a rapidly expanding sector, particularly in the field of cellular mobile phones and wireless local area networks (WLAN's). In an indoor WLAN system, the user of the mobile terminal can find himself in close proximity to the radiating antenna. It is, therefore, important to consider possible health hazards due to this type of exposure. As the most considered adverse effects of the electromagnetic (EM) fields are of thermal nature, particularly with reference to the eye, in this paper, the authors have evaluated the temperature increase induced in a human eye exposed to WLAN-like fields. In particular, they have considered possible WLAN's operating in the range between 6-30 GHz, so that the incident field can be simulated via a plane wave. As a first step, the authors have computed the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human-eye anatomical model, developed from the "visible human" data set, by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical technique with a cell resolution of 0.5 mm. Starting from the calculated SAR values, the heating distribution has been derived through the bioheat equation, which has been solved using an explicit finite-difference scheme. Temperature increases of the order of 0.04/spl deg/C have been calculated in the eye lens with an incident power density of 1 mW/cm/sup 2/ at 6 GHz. Lower heating is obtained in the lens when the frequency increases. Finally, considerations about the exposure limits in the considered frequency range are made.

SAR distribution and temperature increase in an anatomical model of the human eye exposed to the field radiated by the user antenna in a wireless LAN

Radiofrequency (RF) energy has been reported to cause a variety of ocular effects, primarily cataracts but also effects on the retina, cornea, and other ocular systems. Cataracts have been observed in experimental animals when one eye was exposed to a localized, very high RF field and the other eye was the unexposed control. The results show that 2450 MHz exposures for ≥30 min at power densities causing extremely high dose rates (≥150 W/kg) and temperatures (≥41°C) in or near the lens caused cataracts in the rabbit eye. However, cataracts were not observed in the monkey eye exposed to similar exposure conditions, reflecting the different patterns of energy absorption (SAR, specific absorption rate) distribution, due to their different facial structure. Since the monkey head is similar in structure to the human head, the nonhuman primate study showed that the incident power density levels causing cataracts in rabbits and other laboratory animals cannot be directly extrapolated to primates, including human beings. It is reasonable to assume that an SAR that would induce temperatures ≥41°C in or near the lens in the human eye would produce cataracts by the same mechanism (heating) that caused cataracts in the rabbit lens; however, such an exposure would greatly exceed the currently allowable limits for human exposure and would be expected to cause unacceptable effects in other parts of the eye and face. Other ocular effects including corneal lesions, retinal effects, and changes in vascular permeability, have been observed after localized exposure of the eye of laboratory animals to both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed wave (PW) exposures, but the inconsistencies in these results, the failure to independently confirm corneal lesions after CW exposure, the failure to independently confirm retinal effects after PW exposure, and the absence of functional changes in vision are reasons why these ocular effects are not useful in defining an adverse effect level for RF exposure. While cataracts develop after localized exposure of the eye at SARs ≥ 150 W/kg, whole body exposure at much lower levels (14–42 W/kg) is lethal to rabbits. Two studies reported cataracts in this animal after 30 daily exposures at SARs at the upper end of the lethal range, e.g., 38–42 W/kg; however, long term exposure of rabbits (23 h/day, 6 months) at 1.5 W/kg (17 W/kg in the rabbit head) did not cause cataracts or other ocular effects. A long term (1–4 years) investigation of monkeys exposed at high SARs (20 and 40 W/kg to the monkey face) found no cataracts or other ocular effects or change in visual capability. The results of these long term studies support the conclusion that clinically significant ocular effects, including cataracts, have not been confirmed in human populations exposed for long periods of time to low level RF energy. The results of four recent human studies show that there is no clear evidence of an association between RF exposure and ocular cancer. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S148–S161, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bem.10117

Ocular effects of radiofrequency energy.

Microwave cataracts, their morphology, and their mechanism of production have received much attention since the early 1950s, when the first suspected clinical case of microwave-induced cataracts was reported by Hirsch and Parker.' Before 1950, Duke-Elder2 suggested that the long wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum might be cataractogenic and proposed a mechanism of action. It was not until the widespread use of high-powered multiple-frequency radar and communication equipment that this intense interest was channeled into the Tri-Service Ad Hoc Committee of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Since that time, other clinical case reports of cataracts occurring in persons with the potential for occupational exposure t o microwaves3 and ocular effects surveys of similar group^^-^^ have been published. These reports have often incited controversy and precipitated much speculation as to the potential hazards of nonionizing radiation at levels found within the environment. As a result of the increased utilization of microwaves for communication and the predicted rise in domestic use of microwave ovens, a renewal of interest in the biologic effects of this energy has occurred. In addition, frequent publications in lay magazine^'^.^^ have generated public concern. A brief history of microwave ocular effects research is in order to help understand the development of our approach to this subject. In 1948, the cataractogenic properties of microwave radiation were demonstrated by Daily and colleagues14 and by Richardson and ass~cia tes . '~ Daily and colleagues reported cataract production and an associated 3°C rise in the eye in dogs and albino rabbits after repeated exposure to 12-cm (2450 MHz) diathermy with an output of 100 W. The lens changes were initially anterior cortical opacifications that appeared within 24 hr of exposure in those animals that were to show the development of posterior cortical opacities within 9 weeks. Richardson and associates reported their results from rabbits exposed to 3000-MHz microwave radiation produced by a 100-W Raytheon generator. The rabbits were positioned 5 cm from the source, and temperature increases of as much as 17°C were noted in the eye. Thirty-two of 54 irradiated eyes had lenticular opacities, which ranged from small posterior polar defects to complete opacification. There was no mention in these papers of what are now described as the critical exposure parameters: duration and number of exposures, free field, or other estimates of dosimetry. It is unfair to criticize the lack of good exposure parameters, however, because the state of the art was then quite limited. Although this situation is somewhat better today, the precise measurement of absorbed power

INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE‐EXPOSURE MICROWAVE OCULAR EFFECTS AT 3000 MHz

Individuals selected on the basis of likelihood of occupational exposure to microwaves were subjected to a biomicroscopic examination of the lens. Control personnel were also examined along with them, the examiners having no knowledge of the exposure history of any examinee prior to or during the examination. Objective evidence of lens abnormality (opacities, vacuoles, or posterior subcapsular iridescence) was recorded and a comparison made between the two groups on the basis of that evidence. The comparison showed the two groups to be essentially the same and did not support the hypothesis that human lens damage is occurring in the military environment in this country. Instead, it tended to support the assumption that the existing safety level of 10 MW/sq cm is adequate.

Microwave Lens Effects in Humans: II. Results of Five-Year Survey

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INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE‐EXPOSURE MICROWAVE OCULAR EFFECTS AT 3000 MHz

Microwave Lens Effects in Humans: II. Results of Five-Year Survey