. Permafrost in steep rock slopes has been increasingly studied
since the early 2000s in conjunction with a growing number of rock slope
failures, which likely resulted from permafrost degradation. In Norway, rock
slope destabilization is a widespread phenomenon and a major source of risk
for the population and infrastructure. However, a lack of precise
knowledge of the permafrost distribution in steep slopes hinders the
assessment of its role in these destabilizations. This study proposes the
first nationwide permafrost probability map for the steep slopes of Norway
(CryoWall map). It is based on a multiple linear regression model fitted
with multi-annual rock surface temperature (RST) measurements, collected at
25 rock slope sites, spread across a latitudinal transect (59–69 ∘  N) over mainland Norway. The CryoWall map suggests that discontinuous
permafrost widely occurs above 1300–1400 and 1600–1700 m a.s.l. in the north
and south rock faces of southern Norway (59 ∘  N), respectively.
This lower altitudinal limit decreases in northern Norway (70 ∘  N)
by about 500±50  m, with a more pronounced decrease for south faces, as
a result of the insolation patterns largely driven by midnight sun in summer
and polar night in winter. Similarly, the mean annual RST differences
between north and south faces of similar elevation range around
1.5  ∘ C in northern Norway and 3.5  ∘ C in southern Norway.
The CryoWall map is evaluated against direct ice observations in steep
slopes and discussed in the context of former permafrost studies in various
types of terrain in Norway. We show that permafrost can occur at much lower
elevations in steep rock slopes than in other terrains, especially in north
faces. We demonstrate that the CryoWall map is a valuable basis for further
investigations related to permafrost in steep slopes in terms of both practical
concerns and fundamental science.

/pdf/permafrost-distribution-in-steep-rock-slopes-in-norway-vuvviyt5qi.pdf

Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes

Slovenian national landslide database as a basis for statistical assessment of landslide phenomena in Slovenia

We present a classification system for hazard and risk that is posed by unstable rock slopes in Norway that might undergo catastrophic failure in future and can cause loss of life. The system is scenario-based as the intensity and rate of displacement, as well as the geological structures activated by the sliding rock mass vary significantly on the slopes. In addition, for each scenario the secondary effects, such as genera- tion of displacement waves or landslide damming of valleys with the potential of later outburst floods, are evaluated. The hazard analysis is based on two types of criteria: 1) Structural site investigations including analysis of the development of a back-scarp, lateral boundaries and basal sliding surface. This includes a kinematic analysis for sliding and toppling based on slope orientation, persistence of main structures and morphologic expressions of the sliding surface. 2) Analysis of slope activity primarily based on slide velocity, change of deformation rates, observation of rockfall activity, and historic or prehistoric events. The analysis of consequences focuses on the potential fatalities to the rock slide scenarios and secondary ef- fects. Based on the hazard and consequence analysis each scenario is classified in a risk matrix into cat - egory low, medium or high risk.

https://boa.unimib.it/retrieve/handle/10281/48318/72568/ijege-13_bs-hermanns-et-alii-1.pdf

Hazard and risk classification for large unstable rock slopes in norway

Database and online map service on unstable rock slopes in Norway — From data perpetuation to public information

. Permafrost in steep slopes has been increasingly studied since the early 2000s in conjunction with a growing number of rock-slope failures, which likely resulted from permafrost degradation. In Norway, rock-slope destabilization is a widespread phenomenon and a major source of risk for the population and infrastructure. However, the lack of precise understanding of the permafrost distribution in steep slopes hinders the assessment of its role in these destabilizations. This study proposes the first nation-wide permafrost probability map for the steep slopes of Norway (CryoWall map). It is based on a multiple linear regression model fitted with multi-annual rock surface temperature (RST) measurements, collected at 25 rock-wall sites, spread across a latitudinal transect (59–69° N) over mainland Norway. The CryoWall map suggests that discontinuous permafrost widely occurs above 1300–1400 and 1600–1700 m a.s.l. in the north and south slopes of southern Norway (59° N), respectively. This lower altitudinal limit decreases in northern Norway (70° N) by about 500 ± 50 m, with more pronounced decrease for south faces, in reason of the insolation patterns largely driven by midnight sun in summer and polar night in winter. Similarly, the mean annual RST differences between north and south faces of similar elevation range around 1.5 °C in northern Norway and 3.5 °C in southern Norway. The CryoWall map is evaluated against direct ice observations in steep slopes and discussed in the context of former permafrost studies in various types of terrains in Norway. We show that permafrost can occur at much lower elevations in steep rock slopes than in other terrains, especially in north faces. We demonstrate that the CryoWall map is a valuable basis for further investigations related to permafrost in steep slopes in both practical concerns and fundamental science.

/pdf/permafrost-distribution-in-steep-slopes-in-norway-4p1ze9bvd9.pdf

Permafrost distribution in steep slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and geomorphological implication

The Geological Survey of Norway is currently developing a database for unstable rock slopes in Norway. The database is intended to serve three main purposes: (1) to serve as a national archive for potential unstable slopes for use in hazard and risk analysis, aerial planning and mitigation work as well as research; (2) to serve as a robust and easy to use database during field mapping of unstable rock slopes; (3) provide a public available database accessible through an online web map service. The database structure contains several feature classes storing both raw and processed data, including structures, lineaments, displacement measurements, run-out areas and other observations. All feature classes are linked to one main point which holds a general summary for each unstable slope.

Database of Unstable Rock Slopes of Norway

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Database of Unstable Rock Slopes of Norway