https://flore.unifi.it/bitstream/2158/1073524/1/2016%20Pertot%20A%20critical%20review.pdf

A critical review of plant protection tools for reducing pesticide use on grapevine and new perspectives for the implementation of IPM in viticulture

Globalization necessitates that we address the negative externalities of international trade and transport, including biological invasion. The US government defines invasive species to mean, “with regard to a particular ecosystem, a non-native organism whose introduction causes, or is likely to cause, economic or environmental harm, or harm to human, animal, or plant health.” Here we address the role of early detection of and rapid response to invasive species (EDRR) in minimizing the impact of invasive species on US interests. We provide a review of EDRR’s usage as a federal policy and planning term, introduce a new conceptual framework for EDRR, and assess US federal capacities for enacting well-coordinated EDRR. Developing a national EDRR program is a worthwhile goal; our assessment nonetheless indicates that the federal government and its partners need to overcome substantial conceptual, institutional, and operational challenges that include establishing clear and consistent terminology use, strategically identifying and communicating agency functions, improving interagency budgeting, facilitating the application of emerging technologies and other resources to support EDRR, and making information relevant to EDRR preparedness and implementation more readily accessible. This paper is the first in a special issue of Biological Invasions that includes 12 complementary papers intended to inform the development and implementation of a national EDRR program.

/pdf/the-early-detection-of-and-rapid-response-edrr-to-invasive-1pqcif4uhb.pdf

The early detection of and rapid response (EDRR) to invasive species: a conceptual framework and federal capacities assessment

Biological invasions by nonnative species are a by‐product of economic activities, with the vast majority of nonnative species introduced by trade and transport of products and people. Although most introduced species are relatively innocuous, a few species ultimately cause irreversible economic and ecological impacts, such as the chestnut blight that functionally eradicated the American chestnut across eastern North America. Assessments of the economic costs and losses induced by nonnative forest pests are required for policy development and need to adequately account for all of the economic impacts induced by rare, highly damaging pests. To date, countrywide economic evaluations of forest‐invasive species have proceeded by multiplying a unit value (price) by a physical quantity (volume of forest products damaged) to arrive at aggregate estimates of economic impacts. This approach is inadequate for policy development because (1) it ignores the dynamic impacts of biological invasions on the evolution of prices, quantities, and market behavior, and (2) it fails to account for the loss in the economic value of nonmarket ecosystem services, such as landscape aesthetics, outdoor recreation, and the knowledge that healthy forest ecosystems exist. A review of the literature leads one to anticipate that the greatest economic impacts of invasive species in forests are due to the loss of nonmarket values. We proposed that new methods for evaluating aggregate economic damages from forest‐invasive species need to be developed that quantify market and nonmarket impacts at microscales that are then extended using spatially explicit models to provide aggregate estimates of impacts. Finally, policies that shift the burden of economic impacts from taxpayers and forest landowners onto parties responsible for introducing or spreading invasives, whether through the imposition of tariffs on products suspected of imposing unacceptable risks on native forest ecosystems or by requiring standards on the processing of trade products before they cross international boundaries, may be most effective at reducing their impacts.

/pdf/economic-impacts-of-invasive-species-in-forest-past-present-3291nde7jm.pdf

Economic impacts of invasive species in forest past, present, and future

The Old World bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is now established in Brazil but efforts to identify incursion origin(s) and pathway(s) have met with limited success due to the patchiness of available data. Using international agricultural/horticultural commodity trade data and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene markers, we inferred the origins and incursion pathways into Brazil. We detected 20 mtDNA haplotypes from six Brazilian states, eight of which were new to our 97 global COI-Cyt b haplotype database. Direct sequence matches indicated five Brazilian haplotypes had Asian, African, and European origins. We identified 45 parsimoniously informative sites and multiple substitutions per site within the concatenated (945 bp) nucleotide dataset, implying that probabilistic phylogenetic analysis methods are needed. High diversity and signatures of uniquely shared haplotypes with diverse localities combined with the trade data suggested multiple incursions and introduction origins in Brazil. Increasing agricultural/horticultural trade activities between the Old and New Worlds represents a significant biosecurity risk factor. Identifying pest origins will enable resistance profiling that reflects countries of origin to be included when developing a resistance management strategy, while identifying incursion pathways will improve biosecurity protocols and risk analysis at biosecurity hotspots including national ports.

/pdf/mitochondrial-dna-and-trade-data-support-multiple-origins-of-3qpn44zppl.pdf

Mitochondrial DNA and trade data support multiple origins of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil.

Tortricid Fauna of Apple in New York (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); Including an Account of Apples' Occurrence in the State, Especially as a Naturalized plant

The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is a polyphagous species that is an important pest of apple, citrus, and grapes in Australia and New Zealand. The potential threat of LBAM to U.S. agriculture was recognized formally in 1957 when this species was included in the pest alert series "Insects Not Known to Occur in the United States" of the Cooperative Economic Insect Report. Although LBAM was excluded from a list of the top 100 most dangerous exotic pests of concern to the United States in 1973, most regulatory entomologists have continued to cite this species in risk assessments. LBAM was first discovered in the United States at Berkeley, CA, in 2006. Pheromone trapping efforts in 2007–2009 by the California Department of Food and Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Agriculture revealed its presence in Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma, Ventura, and Yolo counties, California. Previous surveys in California over the past 40 years, for LBAM in particular and for Lepidoptera in general, covering a variety of habitats including most of the known geographical range of LBAM, failed to detect this species. These negative data provide circumstantial evidence that LBAM arrived in California only recently. We provide descriptions and illustrations to help identify this newly arrived pest, along with a history of its discovery.

Biology, Identification, and History of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Archipini) in California: An Example of the Importance of Local Faunal Surveys to Document the Establishment of Exotic Insects

Shadow Surveys: How Non-Target Identifications and Citizen Outreach Enhance Exotic Pest Detection

/pdf/first-records-of-the-dogwood-borer-synanthedon-scitula-331s4wsrux.pdf

First Records of the Dogwood Borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris)(Sesiidae), in the Pacific Northwest: A Potential Threat to Ornamental and Fruit Tree Growers

Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck, 1759) (=Argyresthia ephippella) (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae) is a minor to moderate pest of cherries that sometimes causes severe damage to cherry crops in parts of Europe (Wimshurst 1928, Carter 1984, Alford 2007, Jaastad 2007). Called the cherry blossom moth or cherry fruit moth, the species is a well-documented herbivore of Prunus blossoms and buds (Wimshurst 1928, Jancke 1932, Jasstad 2007). Other recorded hosts include Pyrus (Spuler 1910, Lewis and Sohn 2015), Sorbus (Réal and Balachowsky 1966, Lewis and Sohn 2015), Malus (Alford 1978, 2007), Lonicera (Réal and Balachowsky 1966), and Corylus (Réal and Balachowsky 1966, Lewis and Sohn 2015), although given the host specialization common within Argyresthia some of these records are dubious and likely due to misidentification (J.F. Landry pers. comm.; also see comments in Réal and Balachowsky 1966). The current distribution of A. pruniella includes the United Kingdom and most of continental Europe (see country lists in Zhang 1994, Karsholt and Razowski 1996, Lewis and Sohn 2015), Russia (Gershenzon 1989), Asia Minor (Agassiz 1996), and British Columbia, Canada (deWaard et al. 2009). Here we confirm the establishment of A. pruniella in the continental United States based on pheromone trapping of adults and larval collections in Washington State. We also give notes on the biology and identification of this pest. The phenology and morphology of A. pruniella has been fairly well studied, with accounts scattered throughout the literature. Eggs are initially pale brown, later turning grey, and are oval, flattened, with raised reticulations, and a circle of small hooks at one end (Carter 1984, Agassiz 1996, Réal and Balachowsky 1966: fig. 93). They are laid in sheltered areas of the host plant, including cracks in the bark, at leaf scars, beneath bud scales, or at the base of shoots and spurs (Jancke 1932, Alford 2007). Most eggs hatch the following spring, although some larvae will emerge in September and overwinter in a silk hibernaculum beneath the empty egg (Carter 1984, Alford 2007). The larva of A. pruniella was described by Werner (1958). He stated that the thoracic L setae form a slanted line on T2 and T3, SD1 is dorsad of the spiracle on A3, the prolegs of A3–6 have 12 crochets in a circle and the tarsal setae are long and bent apically. In the few specimens we examined (n=2), the thoracic setae form a slightly bent diagonal line, there are 12-14 crochets in a circle on the prolegs of A3–6 and there is a single very long tarsal seta that was either broken or not bent apically. The mandible has four teeth, no retinaculum, and only four of six setae are on the prothoracic shield. Werner (1958) noted that a related species also in North America, A. conjugella, has six setae on the prothoracic shield, there are 28–34 crochets on the prolegs of A3–6 and the body pinacula GENERAL NOTE

https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-the-lepidopterists-society/volume-71/issue-2/lepi.71i2.a7/Distribution-Biology-and-Identification-of-Argyresthia-pruniella-in-Washington-State/10.18473/lepi.71i2.a7.pdf

Distribution, Biology, and Identification of Argyresthia pruniella in Washington State

Eupackardia calleta (Westwood) is recorded on privet (Ligustrum) from Kingwood, Texas, This new county record represents a northeastern range extension of 100 miles and confirms privet as a hostplant under natural conditions, The role of the mandible in digestion of the hostplant is discussed, The last instar larval mandible of most Attacini either lacks teeth or has the cutting edge bluntly serrated with reduced teeth, In contrast, the distinctive mandible of E. calleta contains three large teeth and deep molar ridges, an autapomorphy for the genus, Well· developed mandibular teeth are present on the last instar of a few unrelated Saturniinae and Ceratocampinae; therefore this character is homoplastic in Saturni· idae, A structurally complex mandible of the \"sphingid-type\" occurs in several saturniids such as Antheraea pemyi (Cuer,· Men.) (Saturniidae), This mandible type is illustrated, There are two ontogenetic patterns of mandibular development in Saturniidae. In one case, teeth are present in the first instar, then lost in later molts, The mandibular development of E, calleta represents an alternative scenario where teeth are present throughout the larval stage, Additional key words: Ligustrum, ontogenetic development, Sphingidae, Notodontidae. Eupackardia calleta (Westwood) is a member of the Attacini, usually considered the sister group to Rothschildia (Ferguson 1972, Peigler 1989, Friedlander et al. 1998). This species is distributed from Central America (Honduras, Guatemala) north to Arizona and southern Texas (Victoria Co., Calhoun Co.) (Ferguson 1972, Wolfe 1995, Tuskes et al. 1996). The systematics and biology of E. calleta have been reviewed by several authors including Ferguson (1972), Weast (1989), Miller (1976), Lemaire (1978), and Tuskes et al. (1996). Weast (1989) suggested that systematic studies of E, calleta are needed, Tuskes et al. (1996) illustrated three larval forms of the United States populations, but did not study their mandibular morphology. In this paper we present biological data on E, calleta from southeastern Texas, then compare the mandibular I Address correspondence to this author morphology to other Attacini, with emphaSiS on related nearctic taxa. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic observations are also included. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to survey saturniid mandibles, preserved larval specimens or exuviae associated with cocoons and emerged adults were taken from the authors' collection and dissected. The mandible was either slide mounted in Euperal or preserved in alcohol. For analysis with a I.O,E.L. ISM 820 scanning electron microscope, each sample was attached to a stub with carbon paint and coated with a thin conductive layer of gold-palladium. Mandibular terminology is based on Godfrey (1972), Material examined: Eupackardia calleta: TEXAS (various localities, ex ova from female moths in lab culture): 10 eggs, 10 first instars, 27 second to fourth in-

Distribution and hostplant records for Eupackardia calleta from southeastern Texas with notes on mandibular morphology of Attacini (Saturniidae).

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